INTRODUCTION: Digital signal processing (DSP) is concerned with the representation of the signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals. Digital signal processing and analog signal processing are subfields of signal processing. The analog waveform is sliced into equal segments and the waveform amplitude is measured in the middle of each segment. The collection of measurements makes up the digital representation of the waveform. Converting a continuously changing waveform (analog) into a series of discrete levels (digital) Applications of DSP DSP technology is nowadays commonplace in such devices as mobile phones, multimedia computers, video recorders, CD players, hard disc drive controllers and modems, and will soon replace analog circuitry in TV sets and telephones. An important application of DSP is in signal compression and decompression. Signal compression is used in digital cellular phones to allow a greater number of calls to be handled simultaneously within each local “cell”. DSP signal compression technology allows people not only to talk to one another but also to see one another on their computer screens, using small video cameras mounted on the computer monitors, with only a conventional telephone line linking them together. In audio CD systems, DSP technology is used to perform complex error detection and correction on the raw data as it is read from the CD. some of the mathematical theory underlying DSP techniques, such as Fourier and Hilbert Transforms, digital filter design and signal compression, can be fairly complex, the numerical operations required actually to implement these techniques are very simple, consisting mainly of operations that could be done on a cheap four-function calculator. The architecture of a DSP chip is designed to carry out such operations incredibly fast, processing hundreds of millions of samples every second, to provide real-time performance: that is, the ability to process a signal “live” as it is sampled and then output the processed signal, for example to a loudspeaker or video display. All of the practical examples of DSP applications mentioned earlier, such as hard disc drives and mobile phones, demand real-time operation. Weather forecasting- is the science of making predictions about general and specific weather phenomenon for a given area based on observations of such weather related factors as atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, frontal movements, etc. Meteorologists use several tools to help them forecast the weather for an area. These fall under two categories: tools for collecting data and tools for coordinating and interpreting data. Weather forecasting- is the science of making predictions about general and specific weather phenomenon for a given area based on observations of such weather related factors as atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, frontal movements, etc. Meteorologists use several tools to help them forecast the weather for an area. These fall under two categories: tools for collecting data and tools for coordinating and interpreting data. In a typical weather-forecasting system, recently collected data are fed into a computer model in a process called assimilation. This ensures that the computer model holds the current weather conditions as accurately as possible before using it to predict how the weather may change over the next few days. Weather forecasting is an exact science of data collecting, but interpretation of the data collected can be difficult because of the chaotic nature of the factors that affect the weather. These factors can follow generally recognized trends, but meteorologists understand that many things can affect these trends. With the advent of computer models and satellite imagery, weather forecasting has improved greatly. Weather forecasting- is the science of making predictions about general and specific weather phenomenon for a given area based on observations of such weather related factors as atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, frontal movements, etc. Meteorologists use several tools to help them forecast the weather for an area. These fall under two categories: tools for collecting data and tools for coordinating and interpreting data. * Tools for collecting data include instruments such as thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, rain gauges, anemometers, wind socks and vanes, Doppler radar and satellite imagery (such as the GOES weather satellite). * Tools for coordinating and interpreting data include weather maps and computer models. In a typical weather-forecasting system, recently collected data are fed into a computer model in a process called assimilation. This ensures that the computer model holds the current weather conditions as accurately as possible before using it to predict how the weather may change over the next few days. Weather forecasting is an exact science of data collecting, but interpretation of the data collected can be difficult because of the chaotic nature of the factors that affect the weather. These factors can follow generally recognized trends, but meteorologists understand that many things can affect these trends. With the advent of computer models and satellite imagery, weather forecasting has improved greatly. Since lives and livelihoods depend on accurate weather forecasting, these improvements have helped not only the understanding of weather, but how it affects living and non living things on Earth. Weather forecasting is the science of making predictions about general and specific weather phenomena for a given area based on observations of such weather related factors as atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, precipitation, cloud cover, temperature, humidity, frontal movements, etc. Meteorologists use several tools to help them forecast the weather for an area. These fall under two categories: tools for collecting data and tools for coordinating and interpreting data. Tools for collecting data include instruments such as thermometers, barometers, hygrometers, rain gauges, anemometers, wind socks and vanes, Doppler radar and satellite imagery (such as the GOES weather satellite). Tools for coordinating and interpreting data include weather maps and computer models. In a typical weather-forecasting system, recently collected data are fed into a computer model in a process called assimilation. This ensures that the computer model holds the current weather conditions as accurately as possible before using it to predict how the weather may change over the next few days. Weather forecasting is an exact science of data collecting, but interpretation of the data collected can be difficult because of the chaotic nature of the factors that affect the weather. These factors can follow generally recognized trends, but meteorologists understand that many things can affect these trends. With the advent of computer models and satellite imagery, weather forecasting has improved greatly. Since lives and livelihoods depend on accurate weather forecasting, these improvements have helped not only the understanding of weather, but how it affects living and nonliving things on Earth. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since at least the nineteenth century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting quantitative data about the current state of the atmosphere and using scientific understanding of atmospheric processes to project how the atmosphere will evolve. Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in barometric pressure, current weather conditions, and sky condition, forecast models are now used to determine future conditions. Human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon, which involves pattern recognition skills, teleconnections, knowledge of model performance, and knowledge of model biases. The chaotic nature of the atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere, error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as the difference in current time and the time for which the forecast is being made (the range of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus help narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome. There are a variety of end uses to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts based on temperature and precipitation are important to agriculture, and therefore to traders within commodity markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days. On an everyday basis, people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy rain, snow and the wind chill, forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events, and to plan ahead and survive them. History of weather control If we dispense with legends, at least Native American Indians had methods which they believed to induce rain. The Finnish people, on the other hand, were believed by others to be able to control all weather. Thus Vikings refused to take Finns on their raids by sea. Remnants of this belief lasted well into the modern age, with many ship crews being reluctant to accept Finnish sailors. The early modern era saw people observe that during battles the firing of cannons and other firearms often precipitated precipitation. The first example of weather control which is still considered workable is probably the lightning conductor. For millennia people have tried to forecast the weather. In 650 BC, the Babylonians predicted the weather from cloud patterns as well as astrology. In about 340 BC, Aristotle described weather patterns in Meteorologica. Later, Theophrastus compiled a book on weather forecasting, called the Book of Signs. Chinese weather prediction lore extends at least as far back as 300 BC. In 904 AD, Ibn Wahshiyya’s Nabatean Agriculture discussed the weather forecasting of atmospheric changes and signs from the planetary astral alterations; signs of rain based on observation of the lunar phases; and weather forecasts based on the movement of winds. Ancient weather forecasting methods usually relied on observed patterns of events, also termed pattern recognition. For example, it might be observed that if the sunset was particularly red, the following day often brought fair weather. This experience accumulated over the generations to produce weather lore. However, not all of these predictions prove reliable, and many of them have since been found not to stand up to rigorous statistical testing. It was not until the invention of the electric telegraph in 1835 that the modern age of weather forecasting began. Before this time, it had not been possible to transport information about the current state of the weather any faster than a steam train. The telegraph allowed reports of weather conditions from a wide area to be received almost instantaneously by the late 1840s. This allowed forecasts to be made by knowing what the weather conditions were like further upwind. The two men most credited with the birth of forecasting as a science were Francis Beaufort (remembered chiefly for the Beaufort scale) and his protégé Robert FitzRoy (developer of the Fitzroy barometer). Both were influential men in British naval and governmental circles, and though ridiculed in the press at the time, their work gained scientific credence, was accepted by the Royal Navy, and formed the basis for all of today’s weather forecasting knowledge. To convey information accurately, it became necessary to have a standard vocabulary describing clouds; this was achieved by means of a series of classifications and, in the 1890s, by pictorial cloud atlases. Great progress was made in the science of meteorology during the 20th century. The possibility of numerical weather prediction was proposed by Lewis Fry Richardson in 1922, though computers did not exist to complete the vast number of calculations required to produce a forecast before the event had occurred. Practical use of numerical weather prediction began in 1955, spurred by the development of programmable electronic computers. * Modern aspirations There are two factors which make weather control extremely difficult if not fundamentally intractable. The first one is the immense quantity of energy contained in the atmosphere. The second is its turbulence. Effective cloud seeding to produce rain has always been some 50 years away. People do utilize even the most expensive and experimental types of it, but more in hope than confidence. Another even more speculative and expensive technique that has been semiseriously discussed is the dissipation of hurricanes by exploding a nuclear bomb in the eye of the storm. It is questionable that it will ever even be tried, because if it failed, the result would be a hurricane bearing radioactive fallout along with the destructive power of its winds and rain. * Modern day weather forecasting system Components of a modern weather forecasting system include: Data collection Data assimilation Numerical weather prediction Model output post-processing Forecast presentation to end-user * Data collection Observations of atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, humidity, precipitation are made near the earth’s surface by trained observers, automatic weather stations or buoys. The World Meteorological Organization acts to standardize the instrumentation, observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, or every six hours in SYNOP reports. Diurnal (daily) rhythm of air pressure in northern Germany (black curve is air pressure) Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any point in the Earths atmosphere. … For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). … An AWS in Antarctica An automatic weather station (AWS) is an automated version of the traditional weather station, either to save human labour or to enable measurements from remote areas. … Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and ocean data within the worlds oceans. … WMO flag The World Meteorological Organization (WMO, French: , OMM) is an intergovernmental organization with a membership of 188 Member States and Territories. … METAR (for METeorological Aerodrome Report) is a format for reporting weather information. … SYNOP (surface synoptic observations) is a numerical code (called FM-12 by WMO) used for reporting marine weather observations made by manned and automated weather stations. … Measurements of temperature, humidity and wind above the surface are found by launching radiosondes (weather balloon). Data are usually obtained from near the surface to the middle of the stratosphere, about 30,000 m (100,000 ft). In recent years, data transmitted from commercial airplanes through the AMDAR system has also been incorporated into upper air observation, primarily in numerical models. radiosonde with measuring instruments A radiosonde (Sonde is German for probe) is a unit for use in weather balloons that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver. … Rawinsonde weather balloon just after launch. … Atmosphere diagram showing stratosphere. … Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) is a program initiated by the World Meteorological Organization. … Increasingly, data from weather satellites are being used due to their (almost) global coverage. Although their visible light images are very useful for forecasters to see development of clouds, little of this information can be used by numerical weather prediction models. The infra-red (IR) data however can be used as it gives information on the temperature at the surface and cloud tops. Individual clouds can also be tracked from one time to the next to provide information on wind direction and strength at the clouds steering level. Polar orbiting satellites provide soundings of temperature and moisture throughout the depth of the atmosphere. Compared with similar data from radiosondes, the satellite data has the advantage that coverage is global, however the accuracy and resolution is not as good. A weather satellite is a type of artificial satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and/or climate of the Earth. … Sounding – The historical nautical term for measuring depth. … Meteorological radar provide information on precipitation location and intensity.. Additionally, if a Pulse Doppler weather radar is used then wind speed and direction can be determined.. * Data assimilation Data assimilation (DA) is a method used in the weather forecasting process in which observations of the current (and possibly, past) weather are combined with a previous forecast for that time to produce the meteorological `analysis’; the best estimate of the current state of the atmosphere. Weatherman redirects here. … Modern weather predictions aid in timely evacuations and potentially save lives and property damage. More generally, Data assimilation is a method to use observations in the forecasting process. In weather forecasting there are 2 main types of data assimilation: 3 dimensional (3DDA) and 4 dimensional (4DDA). In 3DDA only those observations are used available at the time of analyses. In 4DDA the past observations are included (thus, time dimension added). The first data assimilation methods were called the “objective analyses” (e.g., Cressman algorithm). This was in contrast to the “subjective analyses”, when (in the past practice) numerical weather predictions (NWP) forecasts were arbitrarily corrected by meteorologists. The objective methods used simple interpolation approaches, and thus were the kind of 3DDA methods. The similar 4DDA methods, called “nudging” also exist (e.g. in MM5 NWP model). They are based on the simple idea of Newtonian relaxation. The idea is to add in the right part of dynamical equations of the model the term, proportional to the difference of the calculated meteorological variable and the observation value. This term, that has a negative sign “keeps” the calculated state vector closer to the observations. The first breakdown in the field of data assimilation was introducing by L.Gandin (1963) with the “statistical interpolation” (or “optimal interpolation” ) method. It developed the previous ideas of Kolmogorov. That method is the 3DDA method and is the kind of regression analyses, which utilizes the information about the spatial distributions of covariance functions of the errors of the “first guess” field (previous forecast) and “true field”. These functions are never known. However, the different approximations were assumed. In fact optimal interpolation algorithm is the reduced version of the Kalman filtering (KF) algorithm, when the covariance matrices are not calculated from the dynamical equations, but are pre-determined in advance. The Kalman filter (named after its inventor, Rudolf Kalman) is an efficient recursive computational solution for tracking a time-dependent state vector with noisy equations of motion in real time by the least-squares method. … When this was recognised the attempts to introduce the KF algorithms as a 4DDA tool for NWP models were done. However, this was (and remains) a very difficult task, since the full version of KF algorithm requires solution of the enormous large number of additional equations. In connection with that the special kind of KF algorithms (suboptimal) for NWP models were developed. Another significant advance in the development of the 4DDA methods was utilizing the optimal control theory (variational approach) in the works of Le Dimet and Talagrand, 1986, based on the previous works of G. Marchuk. The significant advantage of the variational approaches is that the meteorological fields satisfy the dynamical equations of the NWP model and at the same time they minimize the functional, characterizing their difference from observations. Thus, the problem of constrained minimization is solved. The 3DDA variational methods also exist (e.g., Sasaki, 1958). Optimal control theory is a mathematical field that is concerned with control policies that can be deduced using optimization algorithms. … As it was shown by Lorenc, 1986, the all abovementioned kinds of 4DDA methods are in some limit equivalent. I.e., under some assumptions they minimize the same cost functional. However, these assumptions never fulfill. The rapid development of the various data assimilation methods for NWP is connected to the two main points in the field of numerical weather prediction: 1. Utilizing the observations currently seems to be the most promicing challange to improve the quality of the forecasts at the different scales (from the planetary scale to the local city, or even street scale) 2. The number of different kinds of observations (sodars, radars, sattelite) is rapidly growing. The DA methods are currently used not also in weather forecasting, but in different environmental forecasting problems, e.g. in hydrological forecasting. Basically the same types of DA methods, as those, described above are in use there. Data assimilation is the challange for the every forecasting problem. Numerical weather prediction Numerical weather prediction is the science of predicting the weather using mathematical models of the atmosphere. Manipulating the huge datasets and performing the complex calculations necessary to do this on a resolution fine enough to make the results useful can require some of the most powerful supercomputers in the world. Image File history File links NAM_500_MB.PNG‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Numerical weather prediction Block (meteorology) … Image File history File links NAM_500_MB.PNG‎ File links The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed): Numerical weather prediction Block (meteorology) … A millibar (mbar, also mb) is 1/1000th of a bar, a unit for measurement of pressure. … Geopotential height is a vertical coordinate referenced to Earths mean sea level – an adjustment to geometric height (elevation above mean sea level) using the variation of gravity with latitude and elevation. … Weather is a term that encompasses phenomena in the atmosphere of a planet. … A mathematical model is an abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe the behaviour of a system. … A supercomputer is a computer that leads the world in terms of processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation, at the time of its introduction. … An example of 500 mbar geopotential height prediction from a numerical weather prediction model Model output post processing The raw output is often modified before being presented as the forecast. This can be in the form of statistical techniques to remove known biases in the model, or of adjustment to take into account consensus among other numerical weather forecasts. For other senses of this word, see bias (disambiguation). … In the past, the human forecaster used to be responsible for generating the entire weather forecast from the observations. However today, for forecasts beyond 24hrs human input is generally confined to post-processing of model data to add value to the forecast. Humans are required to interpret the model data into weather forecasts that are understandable to the end user. Additionally, humans can use knowledge of local effects which may be too small in size to be resolved by the model to add information to the forecast. However, the increasing accuracy of forecast models continues to decrease the need for post-processing and human input. Examples of weather model data can be found on Vigilant Weather’s Model Pulse. Presentation of weather forecasts The final stage in the forecasting process is perhaps the most important. Knowledge of what the end user needs from a weather forecast must be taken into account to present the information in a useful and understandable way. * Public information One of the main end users of a forecast is the general public. Thunderstorms can cause strong winds, dangerous lightning strikes leading to power outages, and widespread hail damage. Heavy snow or rain can bring transportation and commerce to a stand-still, as well as cause flooding in low-lying areas. Excessive heat or cold waves can kill or sicken those without adequate utilities. The National Weather Service provides forecasts and watches/warnings/advisories for all areas of the United States to protect life and property and maintain commercial interests. Traditionally, television and radio weather presenters have been the main method of informing the public, however increasingly the internet is being used due to the vast amount of information that can be found. * Air traffic The aviation industry is especially sensitive to the weather. Fog and/or exceptionally low ceilings can prevent many aircraft landing and taking off. Similarly, turbulence and icing can be hazards whilst in flight. Thunderstorms are a problem for all aircraft, due to severe turbulence and icing, as well as large hail , strong winds, and lightning , all of which can cause fatal damage to an aircraft in flight. On a day to day basis airliners are routed to take advantage of the jet stream tailwind to improve fuel efficiency. Air crews are briefed prior to take off on the conditions to expect en route and at their destination. * Utility companies Electricity companies rely on weather forecasts to anticipate demand which can be strongly affected by the weather. In winter, severe cold weather can cause a surge in demand as people turn up their heating. Similarly, in summer a surge in demand can be linked with the increased use of air conditioning systems in hot weather. * Private sector Increasingly, private companies pay for weather forecasts tailored to their needs so that they can increase their profits. For example, supermarket chains may change the stocks on their shelves in anticipation of different consumer spending habits in different weather conditions. a) =Ensemble forecasting= Although a forecast model will predict realistic looking weather features evolving realistically into the distant future, the errors in a forecast will inevitably grow with time due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere. The detail that can be given in a forecast therefore decreases with time as these errors increase. There becomes a point when the errors are so large that the forecast is completely wrong and the forecasted atmospheric state has no correlation with the actual state of the atmosphere. However, looking at a single forecast gives no indication of how likely that forecast is to be correct. Ensemble forecasting uses lots of forecasts produced to reflect the uncertainty in the initial state of the atmosphere (due to errors in the observations and insufficient sampling). The uncertainty in the forecast can then be assessed by the range of different forecasts produced. They have been shown to be better at detecting the possibility of extreme events at long range. Ensemble forecasts are increasingly being used for operational weather forecasting (for example at ECMWF , NCEP , and the Canadian forecasting center). b) =Nowcasting= The forecasting of the weather in the 0-6 hour timeframe is often referred to as nowcasting . It is in this range that the human forecaster still has an advantage over computer NWP models. In this time range it is possible to forecast smaller features such as individual shower clouds with reasonable accuracy, however these are often too small to be resolved by a computer model. A human given the latest radar, satellite and observational data will be able to make a better analysis of the small scale features present and so will be able to make a more accurate forecast for the following few hours. Signal Processing Generating imagery for forecasting terror threats Intelligence analysts and military planners need predictions about likely terrorist targets in order to better plan the deployment of security forces and sensing equipment. We have addressed this need using Gaussian-based forecasting and uncertainty modeling. Our approach excels at indicating the highest threats expected for each point along a travel path and for a ‘global war on terrorism’ mission. It also excels at identifying the greatest-likelihood collection areas that would be used to observe a target. 1 on geospatial analysis and asymmetric-threat forecasting in the urban environment. He showed how to extract distinct signatures from associations made between historical event information and contextual information sources such as geospatial and temporal political databases. We have augmented this to include uncertainty estimates associated with historical events and geospatial information layers.2 Event Forecasting Spatial Preferences The notion of spatial preferences has been used to find potential crime1 and threat3 ‘hot spots.’ The premise is that a terrorist or criminal is directed toward a certain location by a set of qualities, such as geospatial features, demographic and economic information, and recent political events. Focusing on geospatial information, we assume the intended target is associated with features a small distance from the event location. We assign the highest likelihoods to the distances between each key feature and the event, and taper them away from these distances. This behavior is modeled using a kernel function centered at each of these distances. For a Gaussian kernel applied to a discretized map, the probability density function Ï for a given grid cell g and uncertainty estimates u is given by Dig is the distance from feature i to the grid cell, Din is the distance from the feature to event location n, c is a constant, ΦE and ΦF are the position uncertainty for event and features respectively, I is the total number of features, and N is the total number of events. Figure 1(a) shows a sample forecast image based on this approach, denoting threat level with colors ranging from blue for lowest threat, through red for highest threat. For the same set of features and events, Figure 1(b) shows a more manageable forecast-in terms of allocating security resources-determined by aggregating feature layers prior to generating the likelihood values. Modeling Uncertainty One of the most important aspects of forecasting is having an estimate of the confidence in the supporting numerical values. In numerical weather prediction, there is always a value of confidence assigned with each forecast. For example, predicting an 80% chance of rain implies that numerical weather models given input parameter variations, predicted eight o
“A Brief History of the Caribbean” by Jan Rogozinksi Essay
Modern age is considered to be the epoch of tolerance and democracy. Every person is supposed to have the same rights as his/ her neighbor has. However, there are still problems connected with race discrimination. Unfortunately, very often even nowadays people judge by the color of skin or some other factor. Of course, this attitude is a relic from the past, when people used to be not so tolerant towards each other and accepted the idea of slavery, taking it as an eternal part of society. Great number of scientists try to understand roots of slavery in order to get rid of modern manifestations of this phenomenon. The work A Brief History of the Caribbean by Jan Rogozinksi is devoted to investigation of the history of this region of the world and it is obvious that the issue of slavery is also touched there. The reason for it lies in the fact that 9 out of 10 men on these islands were slaves. They were used as a cheap workforce because a great number of sugar plantations were founded in this region. That is why, these lands were the place where thousands of people lived under horrible conditions. The difference between death and birth rates can serve as the best evidence of the horrible life on these islands People became extinct there and new and new slaves were needed. Mainly due to this fact, about 2500000 of slaves were exported to this area. This number seems incredible. Almost 3 million of people were doomed to work under horrible conditions and die. It is obvious, that a great number of soldiers needed to control them, that is why forts were built. However, it is difficult to believe that they were the main force which controlled all slaves. It is obvious, that the number of planters and all other noble people was much lower than the number of slaves, however, there were no serious rebels. It could be suggested that it was possible due to the mentality of slaves. The whole generations of people lived in slavery and it was impossible for them to imagine that they could have some other life. That is why, they just accomplished their work, having no hope for better life. Only some change in mentality promoted beginning of the struggle for abolishment of slavery. Besides, it is obvious, that the majority of slaves came to the Caribbean basin from Africa. This continent was known as a huge market of slaves where the majority of colonial empires of those times got cheap workforce. British Empire and France took people from Africa and carried them to England at first and then to the New World. Barbados and Jamaica were known as the main havens where slaves arrived. From this place they were distributed further. This fact can serve as the best evidence of the treatment of slaves as a good. However, not only Europeans had such attitude. The thing is that the majority of slaves were bought from their African owners. It seems incredible, though, even local kings and chiefs sold people from their tribes. If there is a demand, there will be a supply. Having quickly understood the main idea of European colonizers, African chiefs did not try to prevent it and even promoted development of slavery. That is why, it is useless to speak about the vicious character of Europeans and blame them only in development of slavery. However, they promoted its spread all over the world. Moreover, trying to deliver slaves to different parts of the world, Europeans did not worry about the conditions under which these people were transported. Sadly remembered Middle Passage can serve as the best example of horrible conditions under which people travelled from one part of the world to another. It was the main route of the slave trade and majority of ships used it to take slaves from Africa and deliver them to Europe and then to America. 13 percent of slaves died during this travels. It was rather surprising, as slaves were expensive and captains were interested in minimizing losses. However, all efforts were useless, as they still wanted to take as many people as it was possible and as the result congestion promoted development of different diseases and increased the death rate. Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More However, it should also be said that Caribbean slavery had some peculiarities which made it unique. First of all, planters had an absolute power there. They had to control each step of the company and that is why slaves were treated especially rigorously. Hard labor combined with horrible conditions and attitude of a planter made the life of slaves unbearable. Moreover, Island laws gave unlimited powers to slave owners. That is why, they could do whatever they wanted. Resting on this fact, it is possible to suggest that the life of slaves was easier in urban area as they had to do some other tasks and conditions were better. Moreover, the attitude towards them was not so strict and as a result they lived better, if this word can be applied to their lives. Moreover, horrible conditions led to low birth rate. Scientists still argue why Caribbean slaves had so few children. It is possible to suggest that hard work and climate influenced badly the health of women. That is why, they were not able to give birth to a child and planters had to by new and new slaves, promoting development of slavery. Development of sugar plantations resulted in the appearance of special attitude towards slavery. It could be seen in the mentality of people of Southern States of the USA. Being against abolishment of slavery, they provoked civil war. That is why, slavery can be called on of the main reasons of the war which is often called one of the most vital steps in abolishment of slavery. Having analyzed main peculiarities of slavery and slave trade of the Caribbean basin, it is possible to make some conclusions. First of all, it is obvious that slavery was one of the key factors of development of a great number of colonies and plantations in the New World. Serving as cheap workforce, slaves from Africa had to do everything their owner told them. Moreover, it is possible to speak about a certain mentality peculiar for slaves in those time. They could not imagine another destiny because since their childhood these people had to work on plantations or somewhere else. However, they managed to change their attitude towards the issue and obtained freedom. Nevertheless, the question of slavery can serve as the bright example of consumer attitude towards people. It should be further investigated for people not to forget about it and not to repeat the same mistakes.
Power Plants Role in Escalating Global Warming Report
term paper help Introduction The world has evolved unprecedentedly with each successive decade witnessing massive transformations including rapid industrial growth. Agricultural activities during the Agrarian Revolution had little impact on the climate as compares to the innovations of the modern world. Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution, human beings and their activities have resulted in massive gas emissions, including poisonous emissions. Environmental reports and scientific studies on atmospheric gases have increasingly indicated that the levels of the harmful gas emissions are on a constant rise. The European Fourth Assessment Report concluded by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) extrapolates a 70% rise in global greenhouse and power plant emissions due to human activities from 1970 to 2004 (Pachauri,
ENGL 110 College of San Mateo We the Animals Book Essay
ENGL 110 College of San Mateo We the Animals Book Essay.
BackgroundThey can be best friends, they can be worst enemies. They can be confidants, they can be blabber mouths. They can be role models, they can be bad influences. Or, they can be all of these things at once. Who are these terribly complex beings? Siblings, of course. In the literature of this unit, all protagonists share one thing in common: they have siblings. We’ve discussed the unique bonds that these characters share with their siblings, and the development (or lack thereof) that come as a result.TaskIn a 4-5 page paper, respond to the following question: how do the siblings in this unit affect the development of the protagonists?When planning for this essay:●Annotate the text: Mark pages/take notes where siblings interact, or where you note moments when siblings have an impact on the character. This impact does not have to be immediate; it can be delayed. Ie, something that happens to a character early in the story can very well show its impact later in the story. Pay close attention. ●Consider ways in which common traits emerge among the protagonists across the stories. ●Challenge yourself to incorporate different stories into the same paragraph, demonstrating deeper understanding of the characters and the role of siblings in these stories.●Proofread and Edit: Check grammar, punctuation, and spelling before submitting the final draft.●Have an essay conference!A successful essay will: ●Maintain focus on the prompt and thesis throughout the essay.●Feature fully developed paragraphs which include a claim, support, and literary analysis.●Show a clear understanding of the character’s idea of friendship, and how those ideas came to be.●Avoid plot summary or simple paraphrasing, and instead use specific evidence from the book to show your stance.●Leave out first person statements and references. ●Lack process errors (punctuation, spelling issues that can be eliminated through proofreading). 5 process errors= no pass. Get an essay conference!You can also combine with the book “We The Animals”
ENGL 110 College of San Mateo We the Animals Book Essay
Asciano Limited’s and GPT Group’ Modern Marketing Techniques Essay
Effective marketing is a very important process that largely contributes towards improved performance of an organization. It also helps businesses to determine appropriate methods of satisfying consumers’ needs and wants. As a process, marketing helps in defining activities that are capable of creating value for organizations by facilitating interaction between businesses and consumers. Marketing alone cannot help companies to realize their set targets and goals. As a result, several companies have embarked on modern marketing techniques that boost the effort of organizations in achieving the set targets and goals and also improving their overall performance. The main objective why companies resort to modern marketing techniques is the need to develop a satisfying association with customers. The latter tends to benefit both business organizations and stakeholders. These efforts have a vital role within the marketing process in almost all organizations and also among consumers. Bose (2010 p.28) defines modern marketing strategies as the processes, best practices, and tools that enable organizations to respond to the changing consumers’ behaviors. By adopting modern marketing techniques, a business can easily achieve its set targets and goals, while providing consumers with products and services that satisfy their needs and wants. From this definition, it can be observed that modern marketing is a new concept that requires marketers and companies to pay close attention for improved organizational performance. Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More The main intention of this discussion is to establish reasons why several business enterprises often adopt modern marketing techniques when dealing with various consumers’ behaviors. In addition, this discussion analyzes different ways through which marketers respond to techniques employed by consumers in satisfying their needs and wants. Two Australian companies namely Asciano Limited and GPT Group have been used in this discussion. Clemons (2008, p.15) provides quite a number of reasons that explain why most organizations often opt to use modern marketing techniques in dealing with consumers’ behavior. The main reason for using revised marketing techniques is the changing consumers’ behavior that forces companies to re-evaluate the Porter’s work that is used by organizations as a competitive strategy. Over the years, the Porter’s five forces analysis placed much emphasis on corporations while ignoring consumer behaviors in determining an appropriate corporate strategy. Secondly, through the use of modern marketing techniques, organizations or businesses are able to meet the varying wants and needs from consumers in accordance to the current shopping patterns. This serves as a very important technique used by companies to develop a good corporate strategy. It also helps companies to review their competitors together with their current portfolios or other new offerings introduced by the competitors. We will write a custom Essay on Asciano Limited’s and GPT Group’ Modern Marketing Techniques specifically for you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Companies also introduce modern marketing strategies as a way addressing the market’s demand side which has been affected by varying competitive strategies from different firms. Since the change of competitive strategies does not follow a similar change in the underlying needs and wants from consumers, there is great need for businesses to come up with an advanced marketing technique that can satisfy consumers’ needs and wants without affecting the organization’s level of profitability. Although some firms are reluctant to adopt new marketing techniques, they are aware that consumer awareness keeps on improving hence the need to adjust their current marketing strategies. It is worth to mention that increased consumer awareness is realized from their effortless access in accessing consumption information at the right time. This has consequently enabled consumers to practice good management of their varying choices. Customers can easily get information on the different products available in the market, their prices, and product features. This explains why companies should also adopt modern marketing techniques to enable them provide the actual goods and services needed by consumers (Clemons 2008, p.16) There are several ways used by marketers to respond to how consumers try to satisfy their needs and wants. To start with, many business managers adopt marketing techniques that provide consumers with the necessary information regarding how the products offered by the company will satisfy their needs and wants. Some of these techniques include establishing a good relationship with their customers instead of using only visual effects or catchy slogans. Focusing on improved customer relationship helps an organization to interact with its customers and determine the actual needs and wants from them (Thompson 2009, p.102). A company then uses its marketers to provide customers with all the information that relate to the different products and services offered by the business. Not sure if you can write a paper on Asciano Limited’s and GPT Group’ Modern Marketing Techniques by yourself? We can help you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While undertaking this process, a good number of businesses always ensure that they employ advanced levels of communication with their customers in order to increase their awareness on the varying consumers’ needs that are expected to change any time. Secondly, marketers respond to consumers’ needs by being genuine. Based on the fact that a good number of customers rely on technology to access consumption information, there is a great need for businesses to practice the highest possible integrity standards and practices. Failing to observe these standards can make customers to avoid engaging with the business because they assume that the business lacks authenticity. If consumers develop a negative image towards the business, it is highly likely that they will spread negative information to other consumers. This can have adverse effects on the business in terms of performance (Dickinson 2011, p. 10). To prevent such situations, many marketers often resort to the adoption of proper mechanisms that can help them in identifying loyal and potential customers, and fighting towards satisfying their needs and wants. In addition, many organizations or businesses ensure that the products offered to consumers are innovative and conforms to consumers’ expectations. Several companies prefer to undertake this process while ensuring that their marketing plan is in line with consumers’ needs. The information used by businesses to facilitate this process is obtained from extensive market research to ensure that the business is well prepared in fulfilling the varying consumers’ needs and wants (Griffin