Lonstar College Professional Associations in Nursing Discussion
Lonstar College Professional Associations in Nursing Discussion.
Examine the importance of professional associations in nursing. Choose a professional nursing organization that relates to your specialty area, or a specialty area in which you are interested. In a 750-1,000 word paper, provide a detailed overview the organization and its advantages for members. Include the following:Describe the organization and its significance to nurses in the specialty area. Include its purpose, mission, and vision. Describe the overall benefits, or “perks,” of being a member.Explain why it is important for a nurse in this specialty field to network. Discuss how this organization creates networking opportunities for nurses.Discuss how the organization keeps its members informed of health care changes and changes to practice that affect the specialty area.Discuss opportunities for continuing education and professional development.Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide. And a mininum of four cited references required
Lonstar College Professional Associations in Nursing Discussion
Visual Perspective in Renaissance Art Research Paper
cheap assignment writing service Table of Contents Introduction The Beginning of the Visual Perspective Visual Perspective in Art Geometry in Art References Introduction Renaissance unleashed a flood of creativity in the form of art, philosophy, mathematics, architecture, alchemy, and other visual forms of expression. The period saw a blending of different art forms and each inspired the other. This was mainly due to the fact that many artists were mathematicians, alchemists, philosophers, etc. Renaissance art in particular had many instances where geometrical representations and perspectives were used. This paper analyses the works of some great masters who have used geometrical visual perspective in Renaissance art (Dunning, 1991). The Beginning of the Visual Perspective Murray (Murray, 1963) has suggested that the concept of using perspective in art forms such as drawing and painting first started in the early 14th century when an architect from Florence, Filippo di ser Brunelleschi sketched the famous landmark building of San Giovanni Baptistery. What Filippo had done was create an illusion by scaling the objects in the drawing so that objects nearer to an observer appeared larger while objects further away were drawn smaller. This created a visual perspective and the sketch appeared as it would appear to the naked eye. Murray has argued that perspective allowed the illiterate and the literate to visualize a picture and created a pictorial space that unified the beholder with the image. The use of perspective allows a three-dimensional image to be made on a two-dimensional surface. Visual perspective allowed the artist to use basic geometry and unify distant forests and buildings, cityscapes, and tidal waves with human, animate, and inanimate forms. It was perspective that allows the artist to blend different worlds and environments into a single surface. Many artists such as Piero Della Francesca, Leonardo da Vinci, Leone Battista Alberti, Albrecht Dürer, Galileo Galilei, and others have used geometry and perspective to create the fine art of illusion and perspective. Visual Perspective in Art Kubovy (Kubovy, 2005) has provided a detailed analysis of how the Renaissance Master have used geometry and perspective. The authors have suggested that not only was perspective regarded as central to giving aesthetic perceptions but it was also used “deliberate discrepancy between the viewer’s actual point of view and a virtual point of view experienced by the viewer on the basis of cues contained in the perspective organization of the painting”. Perspective was used to provide a rationalized depiction of space, area, and depth. This allowed the painters to paint group scenes in a complex spatially manner. The painting ‘The Tribute Money’ painted by Masaccio shows how perspective was used to pull the viewer’s attention to an important aspect of the painting. In the picture, the tilting and slanting lines that present the chazzan or the horizontal feature of the building fades into the background. This is called the Orthogonal and it represents the lines that are at the right angle to the picture plane. These lines will meet at a point in the distance and this is called the vanishing point. In the above picture, the vanishing point is placed on the right side of Christ and draws attention to him. Domenico Veneziano has played with the vanishing point concept in a different manner. In his painting Martyrdom of Saint Lucy, the vanishing point is appearing at to draw attention to the action and the arm of the executioner who is plunging a dagger into the saint’s neck. In another painting, visual elements and powerful elements of a painting are made to interact with the vanishing point. Kubovy has suggested that in one of his paintings called ‘Madonna and Child with Four Saints’, Madonna holds the infant Jesus, and the four saints are standing in the foreground. Madonna is wearing a cloak that creates a triangle when it covers her knees. The vertex is pointing down and matches with the arches decoration in the background and this forms the vanishing point. The four saints shown in the picture are St Francis, the left figure, and St John’s second image on the left, St Zenobius, the second image on the right side. The author suggests that the eyes and fingers of the three saints are all directed at the orthogonal and the viewer’s attention is immediately drawn to Madonna and the infant Jesus. Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More Kubovy has suggested that there were four uses of perspective: illusionistic focus, structural focus, and narrative focus. He has also suggested that artists used perspective to create a theological allusion. The following text is quoted from the book by Kubovy.: “The most obvious factor in Domenico’s scheme of dimensions and proportions, as might be expected, is three. The elemental shape from which the pattern of floor tiles is derived is the equilateral triangle; the viewing distance, or invisible floor, is three times the visible floor; the Gothic facade consists of three bays and is three G [ = the interval between columns of the Gothic loggia] high (including the putative entablature) by three wide; the floor is feet wide at the baseline and the total depth of the architecture beyond the baseline is 27, or 33 feet. A second and less obvious element in the proportions is the interplay between 2 and 3. We look across a floor which is 3/2 G deep at an elevation (without the entablature) of which the base is 2/3 G below eye level and the proportions above eye level are 2:3. The overall proportions of the elevation, 23 :3.2 The proportions of the four large rectangles of floor into which the plan forward of the exhedra naturally divides are, beginning with the invisible floor, 3:2, 1:2, 1:3, and 2:3. No doubt the theological allusion of this coupling of 2 and 3 is the expansion of the dual deity to the Trinity with the coming of Christ.” (Kubovy 2005) Geometry in Art Kubovy (Kubovy 2005) has explained the problems and challenges that the Renaissance artists faced in the early days. In the early days of the Renaissance when there was no concept of taking an image, artists faced the problem of understanding the concept of optics, understand abstractions and then draw real-life figures in perspectives. Brunelleschi created an experiment using a small hole in a panel and then making viewers see the plaiting with a mirror. This experiment allowed artists to better visualize geometry and how objects could be represented geometrically. He allowed an illusion of depth to be formed when in fact there was none. Donatello played with the concept of robustness of perspective and the fact that a picture would not appear distorted when viewed from a different angle. This concept was very important as it allowed artists to experiment with different geometric figures and yet ensure that the same visual representation was given to the viewers. The work was a gilded bronze panel and it was placed in the Siena Baptistery. The work was placed below eye level and the bass relief figures at the fore and the distant arches at the back presented a contrast that deceived the eye of viewers. Kubovy has suggested that geometry served to achieve a few important things for the Renaissance artists. Scenographic Device: Perspective was used to introduce drama and action in a scene. Stage dramas that were staged in the Renaissance period used perspective-drawn images in the background to infuse a sense of distance and depth. Provide a sense of Action: The Renaissance painters actually had a small strip of canvas in which the scale of a vast image needed to be displayed and the concept of action to be shown. The images had to speak for themselves and perspective and geometry helped to deliver this message Emphasis Point: This was a key concept that was utilized to the full by drawing viewers’ attention to a specific area of a large canvas. Artists such as Leonardo used this very effectively when he drew the last supper. Evocating Moods and Feelings: Artists used perspective and illusion to depict and convey the mood of anger, desperation, and other feelings. Kubolov has suggested that Italian artists used perspective, not for any visual reality but because that is how they represented the space in a picture. He has quoted Leonardo and says “the eye is adapted to receive like the ear the images of objects without transmitting some potency in exchange for these” We will write a custom Research Paper on Visual Perspective in Renaissance Art specifically for you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Dunning William V (1991). ‘Changing Images of Pictorial Space: A History of Spatial Illusion in Painting’. Syracuse University Press: New York Kubovy Michael
The Relationship Between Prime And Target Psychology Essay
Sociative priming as suggested by Ashcraft (1998, page 181) is “any stimulus that is presented first, to see if it influences later information”. This report undertakes to evaluate the association between prime and target on a lexical decision task. Meyer and Schvaneveldt’s (1971) study was replicated with some differences. One hundred and sixty two subjects participated in a five minute experiment. They were exposed between 50 and 100 trials. The participants were shown words that were either related or unrelated to the prime and to non-words that were also related and unrelated to the prime and had to response as rapidly as possible. The results showed that the reaction time to related words and unrelated non-words was significantly shorter than the time on unrelated words and related non-words respectively. Also, the findings were at the directions predicted by the research hypotheses and more in-depth explanations are given in the report. Introduction To begin with this paper will first examine some relevant background on the former literature of priming effect. Afterwards, it will address to some drawbacks from the previous findings and lastly it will present an adjusted experiment to give some solutions to these limitations .Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) were two of the most important and influential pioneers on this field. Their study wanted to show the direct association between the semantic concepts and the lexical entries in memory, so they had asked participants to take part in a lexical decision task were they had to decide whether both string letters shown created real words or not as fast as they could. Results showed that participants determined more quickly a pair of letters strings as words which were related (i.e. bread butter) than two unrelated words such as nurse butter. An interesting feature about this study was that although participants weren’t asked to associate the semantic meaning of the words given but only to identify whether they were flagged as words in their mental dictionary ,the reaction time showed that the semantic connection between them favours the identification of them as words (Ashcraft, 1998). Moreover, according to the spreading activation account, the reason why respond time to related words was significantly faster than unrelated words was because when the prime word bread was read, activation spreads from the bread concept in LTM to connect concepts such as butter, therefore benefiting its following recognition. In contrariwise, this spread activation doesn’t occur to the butter concept when the prime word, nurse is read. Another similar experiment was conducted by Rosch(1975 cited in Ashcraft ,1998, page 185). Rosch used a matching task were participants had to answer with a “yes” when the pair of words presented were in the same category in a 2-second SOA. The primes for each pair was either the category name or the word blank .Results showed that when a pair of words was primed with the category name reaction time was significantly faster than those primed with blank. These findings led to our current experiment in the lexical decision task where although the aims were replicated i.e. the decision to say whether a letter string is a word or not, should be faster when the presented letter strings are related words rather than unrelated words, there were also two important modifications from the primal one since two vital issues had arisen from it. First of all, in our experiment the second letter string is shown after the first one and not at the same time in order to avoid any ambiguity. Secondly, the non-words weren’t just random string letters as in the Meyer and Schvaneveldt’s experiment (1971). Instead, they were only changed by one letter in either a related or an unrelated word, thus allowing us to investigate whether associative priming, as well as having a facilitating effect on the identification of words, can also have a detrimental effect on the identification of non-words. For instance, “east” and “west” (where “west” was changed to “wost” and made it a related non-word) are connected together by participants to almost the same level as “cheddar” and “cheese”. Hence, according to the past researches and our adjustments, two research hypotheses derived from them; one is the response times in the lexical decision task will be significantly faster for target words related to the prime than for target words unrelated to the prime .The other is, response times in the lexical decision task will be significantly slower for target non-words related to the prime than for target non-words unrelated to the prime. These hypotheses have been tested by the following way, all participants had had the same amount of time to answer approximately 72 trials as accurately and fast as possible, by recognizing whether the second string letters that follows the prime is categorised as a word or not in their mental dictionary and press either the A key or the L key accordingly to the instructions given by the experiment program. Method Design The design that was used in this experiment was a repeated measures design with two independent variables; one of them was the relationship between the prime and the target that had two levels: related and unrelated words and the second one was the lexical status of the target that also had two levels: word or non-word. Participants in the experiment were allocated randomly in a computer lab and all participants had to do all conditions. There were also some controls that were used in the above experiment in order to counterbalance any order effects. First of all, letter strings weren’t presented concurrently; the second letter string was presented after a gap therefore activating the prime and the target to be unambiguous. Secondly, by modifying whether the A or L keys, imply words or non-words in a random way, it assured that the particular key pressed differs randomly between words and non-words and cannot be a confounded variable. Moreover, all participants were given the same standardised instructions to prevent any confounded variable and the stimuli itself was presented in a different random order for each participant. Participants One hundred and sixty two undergraduate students from psychology courses were asked to participate. They were chosen from an opportunity sample since it was more convenient and easier to gather data from those who were there to do the experiment at the time. The participants were then put in divisions of groups randomly and placed in different rooms. All participants had to do all conditions and answer between 50 and 100 trials. Apparatus The experiment was run in a computer lab and the program that was used on the PC’s to display stimuli was written in tcl for Windows. Moreover, other material that was used was the stimulus (wordings) itself; the word pairs were taken from Edinburgh Associative Thesaurus (Kiss, G.R, Armstrong et al ,1973) and were controlled for associative strength. Also the researcher provided the participants with the exact standardised instructions “Thank you for agreeing to take part in this experiment. On each trial of the experiment you will be presented with two strings of letters, one after the other. The first string of letters will always be a recognisable word, the second may be a word or may not be. All you have to do is indicate whether the second letter string you see is a word or not, using the A key or the L key on the keyboard. The experiment program will tell you which key to press for each response. On each trial, please try to respond as rapidly as possible while also trying to be as accurate as possible. You will see between 50 and 100 trials in the experiment and the whole experiment will last for approximately 5 minutes. Please note that you can withdraw from the experiment at any time should you wish to do so and that any personal information will be removed from the data before it is analysed” Procedure Every participant was asked to take place in front of the computers and was given some further explanation about the experiment. They were first given a handout that was to familiarise them with some relevant background of priming and its main connection with the study. Then they were given in brief, the following alike instructions, that are mentioned fully in the apparatus section; “participants have to press either one of these two keys on the keyboard (A or L) according to the instructions given on the screen, thus indicating whether the second string word that popped up on the screen was a word or not as fast as possible and the whole experiment was about 5 minutes long”. They were also ensured that the research was anonymous and that if in any way they felt uncomfortable and they wanted to withdraw from the study their personal information would be removed and not used in the data. Afterwards, the experiment began, the first stimulus was presented for 300ms and then an ISI occurred. The target string that followed it was presented for another 300ms. At that point participants had to response if it was a word or non-word and then another period happened of a 2 seconds before the next prime was shown. Results Description The outcomes from the above experiment were the following. The results unfolded that the related words response time (RT) was faster than the unrelated words RT (mean for related words = 796 ms (SD=247ms), mean of unrelated words = 842 ms (SD=240ms). Also, the related non-words RT was slower than the unrelated non-words RT (mean for related non-words =1027ms (SD=364ms), mean for unrelated non-words= 966ms (SD=326ms). Furthermore, to analyze the data and to test for differences between the two states; words (related, unrelated) and non-words (related, unrelated), a parametric repeated measures t-test (two-tailed) was used. Which had a significant difference from the alpha level (p=0.05) (t=3.308, df =161, p=0.001 for the words) and (t=3.341, df=161, p=0.001 for the non-words). Although, the normality assumption for the experiment was used it wasn’t as important since there was a large sample (N=162) and the assumptions here can be waived. Discussion In the above experiment the goal was to replicate Meyer and Schvaneveldt’s (1971) ,study with some variations, that had to do with examining whether a letter string is a word or not can be benefit when the displayed wordings are related words rather than unrelated words. Thus, we evaluated two research hypotheses; the one was, the response times in the lexical decision task will be significantly faster for target words related to the prime than for target words unrelated to the prime .The other was, response times in the lexical decision task will be significantly slower for target non-words related to the prime than for target non-words unrelated to the prime. Moreover, the findings that emerged from this experiment were that both research hypotheses were accepted, had significant results and were at the directions predicted. The outcomes that we found can be justified by prior research that had happened on this experiment. An explanation for the above results can be drawn from spreading activation theory. Spreading activation has been one of the most widely researched areas with empirical support and its results assert our findings. According to the model introduced by Quillian, Collins and Loftus (Collins
Image transcription text 1.1 Problem 1. Let x be a uniform random variable over the interval [0, 4]. Moreover,
Image transcription text 1.1 Problem 1. Let x be a uniform random variable over the interval [0, 4]. Moreover,. Image transcription text 1.1 Problem 1. Let x be a uniform random variable over the interval [0, 4]. Moreover, v is a uniform random variable over the interval [—1, 1]. Assume that x and v are independent. Let y be the random variable giv… Show more… Show more Help with this problem would be super appreciated! Thanks in advance for any work Engineering Image transcription text 1.1 Problem 1. Let x be a uniform random variable over the interval [0, 4]. Moreover,