Malaysia’s Luxury Goods Sector
Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction In the 80’s, luxury goods that used to belong to the upper class became visible, recognizable, and accessible to the public. Hence, the market for luxury goods went through an enormous demand growth spurt, and developed into a significant economic sector in the 90’s (Roux and Floch 1996). Louis Vuitton reported sales of nearly 2.5 billion Euros, increasing its net income by 80% between 2002 and 2004 (LVMH 2005). LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton, the world’s leading luxury group, achieved revenue of 4 billion euros in the first quarter of 2008. Organic revenue increased by 12% compared to the same period in 2007, which was also a period of strong growth. As a result of the negative impact of exchange rates, reported revenue growth is 5%. All business groups recorded double-digit organic revenue growth in the period, with the exception of Wines
Labor Aristocracy in Australia Essay
order essay cheap A civilized society is often divided into classes where each has its specific and unique characteristics. As a result, there are layers of civil masses, and the conditions for existence are not always equal. One of the most important aspects of any society is the working class, and the way labor is viewed and qualified by a part of the population. A concept of labor aristocracy has been in existence for some time and has led to much speculation about unions, social equality, and labor laws. Labor aristocracy has several connections to people’s lives and their opinions. One perspective comes from a Marxist point of view and links to communism. The core of the concept is based on opportunism and how people can prosper in the labor movement to the maximum. Since the 19th century, society has been very demanding of people in their workplace (Smith, 1999). Of course, political and economic forces are greatly involved in the labor monopoly. “Aristocracy” in not an accidental word used in the concept, as only the select few who have resources and opportunities can succeed in proportions unreachable by the majority of a population (Compa, 2003). It is a fact that the society and the general population of a country are the moving force in the workplace. Even though the wages stay the same, so there is no clear incentive to stay at work longer, individuals still contribute extra hours to their jobs. This can be attributed to the society and the demanding way of life by people who take up higher positions. Labor is characterized by a very fast paced environment where industrialization has created many opportunities and avenues for people to work (Docherty, 2012). There are a large number of professions that exist, and so, people can choose any type of activity they like. This, in turn, leads to the replacement of leisure time by working hours. But an interesting fact emerges, as the greater population spends all the time working, while those in charge use the workforce and their positions to own advantage, creating a class of “aristocracy” and workplace owners. Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More The personal goals of a person play another significant role. Psychologically, a person can be greatly focused on their job. It is a place where they can practice and display their skills, gaining respect for themselves and from others. The industrialization has been instrumental in the labor movement and opportunities that were gained by individuals. The separation between classes became even more obvious, and there have been numerous personal and social factors that are involved. A privileged position is the society enables a person to make connections with influential businessmen and get to know the industry, limiting others (Kautsky, 2001). Australia and the rise of the labor aristocracy in the 19th century is not an exception. The development has led to the rise of those who had the most influence and were able to control large portions of the market, industry, economy, and the general society. Those who had more skill and better education were able to dominate among social masses and secure a place in the “aristocracy” division (Budd, 2009). In reality, the separation comes from the specific qualities of each kind of working force. At the beginning of the 19th century, Australian labor was characterized by unions and people who had taken a privileged position. Unions were a significant part of the “aristocracy,” as people with greater skill were unified, as compared to those people who were not considered as “valuable” in their talents (Silver, 2003). The division between working people lies in the fact that unskilled workers are dependent on their numbers and the industry that supports their existence. In comparison to skilled workers, organization and strength of a union are lesser, whereas the “labor aristocracy” possesses conservative views, making it stronger, more direct, and radical. Historically, the Australian workforce was not part of the social movement, as those with enormous profits and networks were the dominating factor. The trade unions that were emerging were based on the aristocracy and positions of those who controlled the industry, as well as smaller businesses (Macintyre, 2009). This sort of environment has led to conditions that were being observed in other parts of the world. Even though Australia was one of England’s colonies, the living conditions for the majority of people were not characterized by many advantages (Rau, 2002). We will write a custom Essay on Labor Aristocracy in Australia specifically for you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The select few were in power, and only those with higher wages and resources could own a house and lead a decent living. It has been noted that the difference in salaries varied so greatly that there was no middle class, only those who spent almost all their time working and people, who have been living off the work of others (Ashenfelter, 2010). In Australia, trade unions were developing at an increasing rate, which based itself on the cooperation within the “labor aristocracy.” Mass movements of socialism were greatly connected with an almost military behavior of the major population, which was the working class. This means that people had little opportunity to break away from the established order and take place amongst those with all the privileges. The people wanted to base society and labor on socialism, which was gaining little support of the elite. The strikes of people outraged with conditions were a clear indication that something had to be done. As these conditions are relatively recent, Australia and other countries are still in the process of bettering the working conditions and division between classes (Dyrenfurth, 2011). It is a fact that labor aristocracy and the conditions that were created as a result, had a great influence on society. It is obvious that people must use their skills to advance the world around them and help those with fewer opportunities and the ability to have a better life. History has shown that division between classes cannot progress the conditions of the population, so a balance must be found, which will enable everyone to cooperate and mutually benefit. Reference List Ashenfelter, O 2010, Handbook of Labor Economics, Elsevier, San Diego, CA. Budd, J 2009, Labor Relations: Striking a Balance 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY. Compa, L 2003, Human Rights, Labor Rights, and International Trade, University of Pennsylvania Press, Phillapelphia, PA. Docherty, J 2012, Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor, Scarecrow Press. Lanham, MA. Not sure if you can write a paper on Labor Aristocracy in Australia by yourself? We can help you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Dyrenfurth, N 2011, A Little History of the Australian Labor Party, UNSW Press, Sydney, NSW. Kautsky, J 2001, Social Democracy and the Aristocracy, Transaction Publishers, Piscataway, NJ. Macintyre, S 2009, A Concise History of Australia, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. Rau, D 2002, Australia. Black Rabbit Books, London, UK. Silver, B 2003, Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization Since 1870, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. Smith, A 1999, Nationalism, Labour and Ethnicity 1870-1939, Manchester University Press, New York, NY.
A Feminist Analysis on Abu Ghraib Essay
Table of Contents Feminization of Male Prisoners and Public Torture Women in Torturing Prisoners The Impact of Torture on Iraqi Society Bibliography Feminization of Male Prisoners and Public Torture The photographs of tortures against Iraqi prisoners organized by American soldiers at Abu Ghraib shocked the public and provoked debates regarding the nature of demonstrated barbarity. According to researchers and experts, soldiers made prisoners stand on a box and hold electrodes to prevent any movement, wear women’s panties on their heads, walk naked wearing hoods, or walk on a leash.[1] Some of these tortures can be discussed from the perspective of feminization as an approach to dehumanizing prisoners and depriving them of their masculinity. Thus, it is important to discuss these acts of cruelty from two important theoretical perspectives: Simone de Beauvoir’s feminist approach and Michel Foucault’s views on punishment and panopticism. The issue of gender received much attention in the discussion of the situation at Abu Ghraib by researchers, and the role of changing prisoners’ gender roles as a punishment should be discussed from Beauvoir’s perspective. According to the theorist, men and women are traditionally perceived differently because males are associated with power and authority, and females can be referred to as “Other.” [2] This difference in views is imposed by social and historical conditions, and it is expected in a society that women and men play rather opposite gender roles.[3] The nakedness of Iraqi prisoners, the sexualized nature of torture, the use of women’s underpants was utilized for abusing males with the help of gender manipulation that can be discussed as a specific type of punishment. Moreover, these tortures were intended to become public with the help of demonstrations at Abu Ghraib and taking photographs that accentuated the loss of prisoners’ masculine power.[4] According to Foucault’s views, public torture is an effective means of control and demonstrating supremacy that is often used in prison.[5] In the case of Abu Ghraib, public torture became the tool for feminization and humiliation of Iraqi prisoners. Certain punitive methods and the apparatus of power can form individuals’ behaviors and control their actions through supervision, punishment, and tension. Following the assumptions of Foucault, social institutions such as prisons are considered as punitive, repressive bodies that suppress human freedom and free will.[6] Both control and punishment at Abu Ghraib were used in the form of correction, leading to the transformation of individuals to suppress their will. In the case of Abu Ghraib, torture and control explained by Foucault’s theory of panopticism were realized through gendered violence. Thus, “the photographs of the Iraqi men … are clear evidence of their captors’ attempts to humiliate and feminize them,” and “much effort seems to have been made to impose gender excess on the prisoners.” [7] Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More These attempts can also be discussed from the perspective of Beauvoir, who states that men are traditionally defined as humans without accentuating their gender.[8] In this context, men are discussed in society, especially the Middle Eastern one, as “the bearers of a body-transcendent universal personhood.” [9] Consequently, any torture at Abu Ghraib involving the sexual context or feminization can be viewed as extremely abusive for Iraqi prisoners. Women in Torturing Prisoners One more important aspect to discuss is the role of women in humiliating Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib. According to the evidence, Lynndie England, Sabrina Harman, and Megan Ambuhl were involved in torturing prisoners, and researchers concentrated on discussing their actions in the context of feminism.[10] The public’s attention is drawn to these females because their actions do not correlate with traditional female roles, and researchers speak about the absence of femininity.[11] According to Beauvoir, the aspects of the female identity and the position of a woman in history were clearly specified, as well as the features of interpersonal relations between men and women.[12] In the case of Abu Ghraib, women are considered as persons who differ from males in their behaviors; therefore, the effect of viewing cruel women is so striking. However, while focusing on female soldiers’ actions and tortures as similar to male soldiers’ ones, it is possible to speak about a kind of equality in the context of the military forces. Following Foucault, it is important to state that Abu Ghraib is a critical security apparatus, and it is not significant who maintains control there.[13] The media representation of the torture at Abu Ghraib shows much attention to women, while the actions of male soldiers are discussed with lesser criticism. The photographs of England and Harman, which present their appearance as androgynous, are discussed by researchers in the context of acquiring masculine features by women.[14] According to Puar, the image of England leading a prison on a leash is “about the victories of liberal feminists, who argue that women should have equal opportunities within the military.” [15] It is also about “the failures adequately to theorize power and gender beyond female-male dichotomies.” [16] Female soldiers are perceived as masculine women who trouble their femininity because of their unusual actions. However, it is still impossible to state that, by their actions and behaviors, England, Harman, and Ambuhl proclaim the equality of genders, the necessity of which was accentuated by Beauvoir in her work.[17] Instead, researchers state that female soldiers chose to transform their femininity in order to address the realities of the military forces.[18] This shift from femininity to masculinity in female soldiers’ actions provokes questions though it is expected that women in the military behave like men. There is also one more aspect discussed in gender studies that need to be mentioned in this review of literature on the topic. Initially, proponents of feminist ideals expressed the opinion that increasing the presence of women in power structures and the military could positively change the forces in terms of decreasing cases of violence and aggression. Thus, according to Ehrenreich, “a certain kind of feminism, … a certain kind of feminist naiveté, died in Abu Ghraib.” [19] From this perspective, the environment of a prison can be viewed as the place where women do not play equal roles with men, as was desired by Beauvoir and other feminist theorists.[20] On the contrary, in the military forces, females tend to follow masculine roles following socially acceptable patterns and widely spread the public’s expectations. We will write a custom Essay on A Feminist Analysis on Abu Ghraib specifically for you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From this particular perspective, prison should be discussed as the place where females need to hide their femininity in order to make their genderless visible, similarly to “the lack of male gender visibility.” [21] Thus, the military culture is based on creating an environment where the aspect of gender is not accentuated, and the focus is on discipline and punishment to secure society, according to Foucault’s views.[22] Still, the lack of accentuating gender and the vision of males as universal humans is also associated with the situation when weaknesses and tortures are discussed with a focus on femininity. As a result, female soldiers are expected not to demonstrate their gender-related characteristics, and feminization becomes a particular type of torture. Therefore, the existing literature on the torture at Abu Ghraib is much devoted to analyzing female soldiers’ behaviors from feminist perspectives in order to explain why England and Harman demonstrated cruelty typical of males. On the one hand, women acted equally to men without referring to gender, but on the other hand, the public attention was drawn mainly to women’s behaviors because of shifts in gender roles. The Impact of Torture on Iraqi Society It is also important to consider the effects of torturing prisoners at Abu Ghraib on Iraqi society. In the context of the U.S. invasion of Iraq, the demonstrated cruelty could be used as an instrument of intimidation and pressure on residents of the occupied territories. From this perspective, American soldiers used the means that were perceived as most abusive in the Muslim society of Iraq: humiliation associated with sexual relations and nakedness.[23] Thus, according to Madhi Bray, the director of the Muslim American Society, “being seen naked is a tremendous taboo and a tremendous humiliation in Muslim culture.” [24] Therefore, the choice of torture, as well as taking photographs, could be associated with American soldiers’ intention to demonstrate their actions and to abuse or frighten the Muslim community. From this perspective, according to Foucault’s ideas, soldiers intended to use public torture in order to humiliate Iraqi prisoners with a focus on religious and cultural aspects.[25] The reason is that sexual humiliation can be viewed as the most abusive form of torture for Iraqis, and the demonstration of this torture can have a significant negative effect on Muslim society. One more aspect of paying attention to is the manipulation of the concept of masculinity as a tool for affecting Iraqi society. Tortures and feminization at Abu Ghraib can be discussed as directed toward violating Iraqi prisoners’ masculinity that can be viewed as the cruelest form of torture in Muslim culture. This aspect can also be explained with reference to Beauvoir’s views, who accepted the idea that men are inclined to see women as secondary in comparison to males.[26] In the context of Iraqi society and their cultural visions, feminization is an extremely abusive form of punishment to break male prisoners’ will and accentuate their weakness. At Abu Ghraib, feminization was used to emphasize Iraqi prisoners’ submissive roles that are in contrast to the ideals of masculinity adopted in Muslim society.[27] Consequently, the reaction of the U.S. and Iraqi public on the demonstrated photographs of torture and the scandal was the sympathy for humiliated prisoners because of understanding the cultural context and religious views of Muslims. The review of the existing literature on the topic of the torture observed at Abu Ghraib demonstrates that most researchers have chosen to discuss the aspects of the problem from the perspective of feminist theories. In addition, they also discussed the case, referring to the views by Foucault on the systems of punishment and control adopted in society. The key subtopics examined in the literature on the case are the feminist approach to discussing the issue, the feminization of male prisoners as the form of torture, and the role of females in humiliating men. Researchers also discussed the problem with a focus on its possible impact on Iraqi society. Not sure if you can write a paper on A Feminist Analysis on Abu Ghraib by yourself? We can help you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bibliography Benvenisti, Meron, Barbara Ehrenreich, Mark Danner, John Gray, Richard Grossinger, David Matlin, Charles Stein, David Levi Strauss, and Brooke Warner. Abu Ghraib: The Politics of Torture. New York: North Atlantic Books, 2004. Caton, Steven C., and Bernardo Zack. “Abu Ghraib, the Security Apparatus, and the Performativity of Power.” American Ethnologist 37, no. 2 (2010): 203-211. De Beauvoir, Simone. The Second Sex. Translated by Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier. New York: Vintage Books, 2011. Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. 2nd ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1995. Gronnvoll, Marita. “Gender (In)Visibility at Abu Ghraib.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 10, no. 3 (2007): 371-398. Kimmel, Michael S., and Michael A. Messner. Men’s Lives. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998. Mirzoeff, Nicholas. “Invisible Empire: Visual Culture, Embodied Spectacle, and Abu Ghraib.” Radical History Review 95 (2006): 21-44. Puar, Jasbir K. “Abu Ghraib: Arguing Against Exceptionalism.” Feminist Studies 30, no. 2 (2004): 522-534. Sutton, Barbara, Sandra Morgen, and Julie Novkov, ed. Security Disarmed: Critical Perspectives on Gender, Race, and Militarization. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2008. Steven C. Caton and Bernardo Zack, “Abu Ghraib, the Security Apparatus, and the Performativity of Power,” American Ethnologist 37, no. 2 (2010): 207. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), 26. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 26-30. Meron Benvenisti et al., Abu Ghraib: The Politics of Torture (New York: North Atlantic Books, 2004), 38. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan, 2nd ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 31-33. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 21-25. Marita Gronnvoll, “Gender (In)Visibility at Abu Ghraib,” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 10, no. 3 (2007): 392. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 32-40. Gronnvoll, “Gender (In)Visibility at Abu Ghraib,” 374. Ibid., 372. Barbara Sutton et al., ed., Security Disarmed: Critical Perspectives on Gender, Race, and Militarization (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 190-194. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 41-48. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 71-72. Nicholas Mirzoeff, “Invisible Empire: Visual Culture, Embodied Spectacle, and Abu Ghraib,” Radical History Review 95 (2006): 28-29. Jasbir K. Puar, “Abu Ghraib: Arguing Against Exceptionalism,” Feminist Studies 30, no. 2 (2004): 528. Puar, “Abu Ghraib,” 528. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 41-48. Puar, “Abu Ghraib,” 529. Ibid., 528. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 30-48. Gronnvoll, “Gender (In)Visibility at Abu Ghraib,” 373. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 71-72. Michael S. Kimmel and Michael A. Messner, Men’s Lives (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998), 566. Puar, “Abu Ghraib,” 526. Foucault, Discipline and Punish, 62-68. Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 30-48. Puar, “Abu Ghraib,” 526-529.
Carlos Albizu University Week 2 Research Methods in Healthcare Management Discussion
Carlos Albizu University Week 2 Research Methods in Healthcare Management Discussion.
Week 2 Research Methods in Healthcare Management APA Style Question Part 1 Discussion Prompt 1-3 Paragraphs Choose one of the basic principles of medical ethics and explain why it is more important than the others. Part 2 (Please Separate this part to a different Word Document) Week 2 Assignment: Case Study Diaz vs. Hillsbourgh County Hospital Authority Objective: Identify key ethical considerations when planning a research study. Download and read the Case Study: Diaz vs. Hillsbourgh County Hospital Authority. (Attached) Answer the following questions. Use complete sentences, paraphrases, and quotes to support your answers when appropriate. Remember to include citations. What other actions could the nurse have taken? Which do you think is the most ethical?What is the role of the medical residents in this case? Please be sure to analyze their ethical implications.What is the role of the nurse supervisor? Please be sure to analyze the supervisor’s role in terms of ethics.In the case study, Dr. Morales felt that he had done nothing wrong and he never did anything harmful to a research subject. Why do you think he feels his actions were justified? What are some circumstances where you feel that not notifying the research subject about her or his participation in a study would be justified?Some of the pregnant women in this case study were subjected to five or six amniocentesis. Why do you think they never questioned the number of procedures they were receiving?Why didn’t any other nurses or hospital personnel blow the whistle on these unethical practices? What prevents whistle-blowing? Your total responses should be no longer than two pages long. Include a title page and a reference list. You must cite and reference your textbook. Remember to always cite your sources using APA Style.
Carlos Albizu University Week 2 Research Methods in Healthcare Management Discussion