Teachings of Islam Research Paper

Feed Additives for Swine

Feed Additives for Swine. Feed additives are non-nutritive feed ingredients that are used in swine to improve production efficiency and performance. In the absence of feed additives in the diet, no deficiency symptoms will result. However, if feed additives are chosen carefully based on the farm needs, they may help increase the profitability of pig production. There are various types of feed additives which have different functions such as increase feed intake, increase weight gain, improve gastrointestinal or reproductive health. The feed additives which this article will focus on are antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics, copper and zinc, acidifiers, carnitine, chromium, flavours, mold inhibitors, mycotoxins binders, and antioxidants and phytase. Antibiotics Antibiotics have been widely used in swine feed for the last decades. This is because early studies show significant improvements in pig growth performance when the antibiotics were fed. Nowadays, people are aware of the antibiotics residue in pork and might affect health of the people. Therefore, with the improvements in production practices and health status of pig herds, in-feed antibiotics are greatly reduced compare to last decades. Antibiotics are included in the feed for promoting growth by inhibiting subclinical pathogenic bacterial infections and bacteria growth reducing microbial metabolism products. Decrease in number of pathogenic bacteria can increase nutrient uptake by the guts thereby improving growth of the pigs. However, the pathogenic microorganisms sometimes develop resistance to certain antibiotics causing the antibiotics to be less effective. Therefore, utilization of antibiotics is safer under a professional veterinarian consultation. Prebiotics and Probiotics Prebiotics are non-digestible food substances that can stimulate the growth of favourable species of bacteria in the gut of the pigs. The growth of beneficial bacteria is believed to improve the health of the gastrointestinal tracts, thereby increasing the performance of the host. Prebiotics are primarily derived from non-digestible oligosaccharides which are not digested and absorbed by the pig. Therefore, oligosaccharides such as oligofructose, fructooligosaccharide, and inulin provide substrates for the bacterial growth. Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria supplemented in pigs diet that help improving the microbial balance in gut. A probiotic must be able to survive in feed, able to replicate after passing acidic stomach environment and able to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria. Probiotics are believed to have the ability to stimulate the immunity of the gastrointestinal tracts thus reduce infectious diseases of the gut. Copper and Zinc High dietary levels of copper and zinc are often given to the young pigs as many studies have shown that these two minerals are able to exert positive influences on growth rate. Copper increases growth performance of young pigs when it is supplied at high concentration (100-250 ppm) without the influence of the antibiotics in the diet. However, effect of high levels of dietary copper decreases as the age of the pigs increases or with long period of administration. High levels of dietary copper in feed might lead to copper toxicosis. Jaundice will develop when the skin and mucous membrane of the animals appear yellow due to excess accumulation of copper in the liver. Zinc fed at high dietary levels (2000 to 3000 ppm) reduces incidence of diarrhoea and increases weight gain in newly weaned pigs. If zinc is fed excessively in pigs, they might develop depression, arthritis, gastritis and might even lead to death. In addition, excessive feeding of copper and zinc will also result in more copper and zinc will be excreted out. High levels of copper and zinc being excreted out through faeces will result in accumulation of copper and zinc in the soils and thereby contaminate the soils. Acidifiers Acidifiers are compounds that have acidic properties which can be in organic or inorganic forms. Organic acids which are commonly used in swine feed include citric, formic, fumaric and propionic acid while phosphoric acid is the most commonly utilized inorganic acid in swine diets. Acidifiers are commonly marketed as growth-promoters and as alternatives for in-feed antibiotics. However, use of acidifiers to replace antibiotic growth promoters is still not justified due to lack of consistent result. Acidifiers improve gut health through reduction of pH and buffering capacity of diets, improve pancreatic secretions which will increase digestibility of nutrient. In addition, acidifiers promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria. The disadvantages of acidifiers in excess are corrosive and decreased palatability. Flavours Flavours are added to feed to increase the palatability and feed intake. Pigs need to be fed a balanced diet that meets their daily nutritional requirement for maintenance, growth and reproduction. To ensure that pigs receive all the nutrients, flavours are used to increase voluntary feed intake by enhancing the smell and taste. Flavours are often used at stages when feed intake is expected to be lower such as in the post weaning period. Piglets immediately after weaning are subjected to significant stress, so making the feed highly palatable may improve the performance. Most studies show that pigs have preference for sweet taste. Therefore, flavouring agents commonly added to the feed are saccharin and talin. However, pigs show preference for certain flavours when given a choice. When the pigs are not given a choice, flavours do not necessarily improve feed intake. Besides taste, there are many other factors which can affect feed intake. Therefore, evaluate the factors affecting feed intake before adding flavours into swine diet. Carnitine Carnitine is a vitamin like, water soluble compound that functions to transport fatty acids across the mitochondria membrane where they are processed to produce energy. Carnitine plays an important role in fatty acids metabolism. Young neonatal mammals do not have the ability to synthesize carnitine from lysine and that has been the driving force for interest in using carnitine in nursery pig diets. Most research that has been conducted with supplemental L-carnitine has been fed at a rate of 50 ppm of complete diet. L-carnitine will improve sow and litter performance by improving fetal growth and development and also increasing milk production. Studies also show that when L-carnitine is added in the diet of gestating sows, piglet birth weights in the subsequent litter will be increased and it also enhanced the development of muscle fibers. L-carnitine enhanced the proliferation and differentiation of myogenic (muscle fibers) precursor cells by affecting the gene expression. This process could give rise to increased fibre numbers at birth due to increased number of embryonic myoblasts, Waylan et al. (2005). Chromium Chromium is a trace mineral that is actively involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, protein and nucleic acids in the body. Chromium influences insulin action by increasing the cellular uptake of glucose and intracellular carbohydrate and cellular metabolism therefore improving glucose utilization. Several studies have shown that chromium has the potential in improving sow reproductive performance. Lindemann et al. (2004) reported statistical improvements in live born when sows were supplemented at 600 ppb (10.94) compared to control sows (9.49) and females fed 200 ppb (9.82). Additionally, there may be some additive effects of adding chromium and carnitine to sow diets because carnitine works through fat metabolism and chro­mium works through glucose metabolism and potentially creating some synergistic effects between the two feed additives. Mold inhibitors, Mycotoxins Binders, and Antioxidants Mold inhibitors, mycotoxins binders and antioxidants are added to feed to prolong shelf-life, prevent mold growth or bind mycotoxins present in the feed. Mycotoxins are chemical compounds produced by molds that can negatively affect the pig performance. Nevertheless, not all molds produce mycotoxins. The most significant mycotoxins affecting livestock production are aflatoxin, vomitoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin, and ochratoxin. Ingestion of mycotoxins will cause mycotoxin poisoning which is known as mycotoxicosis. Mycotoxicosis can cause lower resistance to disease, increased sensitivity to stress, and damage to vital organs, such as the liver and kidney. Mold inhibitors are feed additives used to minimize mold contamination and prevent mold growth, thereby minimizing the risk of mycotoxicosis. Mold inhibitors commonly used are propionic acids and other organic acids. Even though the mold growth has been prevented, there might still have mycotoxins in the feed as mold inhibitors have no effect on mycotoxins already presented in contaminated feed. Therefore, mycotoxins will come to its use when mycotoxins are suspected present in the feed or when preventive measures against molds have failed. The most commonly used and researched mycotoxins binders are clays and zeolites. They are efficient towards aflatoxins but unfortunately they are not effective against other types of mycotoxins. Some studies have shown that the cell-wall fraction ß-glucan of yeasts such as Saccharomyces cereviceae can be effective in binding a wide range of mycotoxins, (Jouany, 2007). An antioxidant is added to the feed to prevent oxidation of fats or vitamins. Ethoxyquin, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and propyl gallate are the common commercial antioxidants. Combination of the antioxidants such as propyl gallate and BHA may provide high level of initial protection and also have longer effect. Antioxidants are highly applicable in areas which have warm climate. Besides, antioxidants are also widely used in diets which have high level of unsaturated fat for example fish meal. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids can cause changes in flavours and also cause rancidity of the feed. Adding an antioxidant minimizes fat oxidation, keeps the diet highly palatable, and helps prolong shelf life of the feeds. Phytase Phytase is an enzyme which is added into the feed of the pigs to help in converting phytate into dietary phosphorus. Dietary phosphorus is essential for normal body maintenance and growth in pigs. Phosphorus is available abundantly in the form of phytate in grains such as wheat. With the addition of phytase in the feed the digestibility of phytate phosphorus can be increased. Several factors can influence the efficacy of phytase, including the amount of phytate in the diet, the amount of phytase added to the diet, and the type of phytase. Studies have shown greater responses to phytase in pigs fed diets that contain higher amounts of phytate, (Selle and Ravindran, 2008). Phytase is susceptible to denaturation when subjected to excessive heat for example during pelleting. Phytase does improve availability of calcium and other minerals in the diet, (Kies et al, 2006). Calcium is an essential mineral for milk production. Addition of phytase also results in an overall increase in energy value of the diet. Instead of adding inorganic phosphorus in the feed which has no energy value, more corn is added to the diet to obtain the phosphorus from the corn with the help of phytase, thereby increasing the energy value of the diet. Conclusion Although main nutrient in the feed such as energy and protein are more emphasized than feed additives, many research and studies have been done and show that feed additives can enhance and improve the production of the pigs in different stages. As long as the feed additives are used according to regulations or consultation of a veterinarian, feed additives are usually safe and are able to improve the feed quality. References DeRouchey, J., M. Tokach, S. Dritz, B. Goodband, J. Nelssen. 2005. Sow feed additives on the market: Are they worth it? In: Proceedings of Allen D. Leman Conference, St. Paul, MN. Waylan, A. T. J. P. Kayser, D. P. Gnad, J. J. Higgins, J. D. Starkey, E. K. Sissom, J. C. Woodworth and B. J. Johnson. 2005. Effects of L-carnitine on fetal growth and the IGF system in pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2005. 83:1824-1831. Lindemann, M. D., Carter, S. D., Chiba, L. I., Dove, C. R., Lemieux, F. M., and Southern, L. L. (2004) A regional evaluation of chromium tripicolinate supplementation of diets fed to reproducing sows. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 2972-2977. Jacela JY, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, et al. Feed additives for swine: Fact sheets – flavors and mold inhibitors, mycotoxin binders, and antioxidants. J Swine Health Prod. 2010;18(1):27–32. Jouany JP. Methods for preventing, decontaminating and minimizing the toxicity of mycotoxins in feeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2007;137:342–362. Selle PH, Ravindran V. Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition. Livest Sci. 2008;113:99–122. Kies AK, Kemme PA, Sebek LBJ, van Diepen JTM, Jongbloed AW. Effect of graded doses and a high dose of microbial phytase on the digestibility of various minerals in weaner pigs. J Anim Sci. 2006;84:1169–1175. Feed Additives for Swine

ENG 111 Miami University Comparison Between Drilling & Fracking Outline

programming assignment help ENG 111 Miami University Comparison Between Drilling & Fracking Outline.

Open the Outline Template for Research Argument Essay (WORD DOC ATTACHMENT) and use it as a template to create a sentence outline for the research paper on fracking. (Remove direction sentences as you
complete your sentence outline.)Review the thesis statement: I will argue that fracking is better than drilling because it is more environment-friendly and is more cost effective and more beneficial to social and economic life. Refine the thesis statement as needed. Make sure it includes topic, a clear key argument (claim) and 2-4 focused main ideas that prove the argument.Using your thesis create a topic sentence for each main idea in your thesis. This creates unity. Once you have unity between your thesis and topic sentences, develop each topic sentence idea using adequate supporting evidence from your research and explanation/analysis from your own thinking. Make sure your quotes are integrated as modeled in the quote sandwich (Links to an external site.).Remember, if you have a great deal to say about one main idea in your thesis, you might consider developing more than one paragraph for this main idea when you write your essay. So pay attention to the amount of evidence you have for each main idea as you develop your outline.Your outline and your essay should include in text citations to document evidence from all FIVE sources you used in your annotated bibliography. (You may use more sources if you like.) Finally, create a Works Cited (Links to an external site.) page based on the sources you researched and annotated. Your works cited must have the five required sources from your Annotated Bibliography, but without the annotations. (Note: if you use more sources, remember to include them in the works cited.)
ENG 111 Miami University Comparison Between Drilling & Fracking Outline

Equity Method

Equity Method.

Question 1:On January 1, 2017, Corgan Company acquired 70 percent of the outstanding voting stock of Smashing, Inc., for a total of $1,190,000 in cash and other consideration. At the acquisition date, Smashing had common stock of $850,000, retained earnings of $400,000, and a noncontrolling interest fair value of $510,000. Corgan attributed the excess of fair value over Smashing’s book value to various covenants with a 20-year remaining life. Corgan uses the equity method to account for its investment in Smashing.During the next two years, Smashing reported the following: Net Income Dividends Declared Inventory Purchases from Corgan 2017 $ 300,000 $ 50,000 $ 250,000 2018 280,000 60,000 270,000 Corgan sells inventory to Smashing using a 60 percent markup on cost. At the end of 2017 and 2018, 50 percent of the current year purchases remain in Smashing’s inventory. Compute the equity method balance in Corgan’s Investment in Smashing, Inc., account as of December 31, 2018. Prepare the worksheet adjustments for the December 31, 2018, consolidation of Corgan and Smashing. Required A: Compute the equity method balance in Corgan’s Investment in Smashing, Inc., account as of December 31,2018. Investment balance 12/31/18 $______________ Required B: Prepare the worksheet adjustments for the December 31, 2018, consolidation of Corgan and Smashing. (If no entry required for a transaction/event, select “No journal entry required” in the firs account field. 1 1 Investment in Smashing Cost of goods sold 2 2 Common stock – Smashing Retained earnings – Smashing Investment in Smashing Noncontrolling interest 3 3 Covenants Investment in Smashing Noncontrolling interest 4 4 Equity in earnings of Smashing Investment in Smashing 5 5 Investment in Smashing Dividends declared 6 6 Amortization expense Covenants 7 7 Sales Cost of goods sold 8 8 Cost of goods sold Inventory Question 2: Protrade Corporation acquired 80 percent of the outstanding voting stock of Seacraft Company on January 1, 2017, for $472,000 in cash and other consideration. At the acquisition date, Protrade assessed Seacraft’s identifiable assets and liabilities at a collective net fair value of $695,000 and the fair value of the 20 percent noncontrolling interest was $118,000. No excess fair value over book value amortization accompanied the acquisition.The following selected account balances are from the individual financial records of these two companies as of December 31, 2018: Protrade Seacraft Sales $ 810,000 $ 530,000 Cost of goods sold 375,000 282,000 Operating expenses 167,000 122,000 Retained earnings, 1/1/18 910,000 350,000 Inventory 363,000 127,000 Buildings (net) 375,000 174,000 Investment income Not given 0 Each of the following problems is an independent situation: Assume that Protrade sells Seacraft inventory at a markup equal to 60 percent of cost. Intra-entity transfers were $107,000 in 2017 and $127,000 in 2018. Of this inventory, Seacraft retained and then sold $45,000 of the 2017 transfers in 2018 and held $59,000 of the 2018 transfers until 2019. Determine balances for the following items that would appear on consolidated financial statements for 2018: Assume that Seacraft sells inventory to Protrade at a markup equal to 60 percent of cost. Intra-entity transfers were $67,000 in 2017 and $97,000 in 2018. Of this inventory, $38,000 of the 2017 transfers were retained and then sold by Protrade in 2018, whereas $52,000 of the 2018 transfers were held until 2019. Determine balances for the following items that would appear on consolidated financial statements for 2018: Protrade sells Seacraft a building on January 1, 2017, for $114,000, although its book value was only $67,000 on this date. The building had a five-year remaining life and was to be depreciated using the straight-line method with no salvage value. Determine balances for the following items that would appear on consolidated financial statements for 2018: a. Cost of goods sold Inventory Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest b. Cost of goods sold Inventory Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest c. Buildings (net) Operating expenses Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest Question 3:Placid Lake Corporation acquired 70 percent of the outstanding voting stock of Scenic, Inc., on January 1, 2017, when Scenic had a net book value of $590,000. Any excess fair value was assigned to intangible assets and amortized at a rate of $7,000 per year.Placid Lake’s 2018 net income before consideration of its relationship with Scenic (and before adjustments for intra-entity sales) was $490,000. Scenic reported net income of $300,000. Placid Lake declared $180,000 in dividends during this period; Scenic paid $59,000. At the end of 2018, selected figures from the two companies’ balance sheets were as follows: Placid Lake Scenic Inventory $ 330,000 $ 109,000 Land 790,000 390,000 Equipment (net) 590,000 490,000 During 2017, intra-entity sales of $170,000 (original cost of $80,000) were made. Only 10 percent of this inventory was still held within the consolidated entity at the end of 2017. In 2018, $280,000 in intra-entity sales were made with an original cost of $78,000. Of this merchandise, 20 percent had not been resold to outside parties by the end of the year.Each of the following questions should be considered as an independent situation for the year 2018. What is consolidated net income for Placid Lake and its subsidiary? If the intra-entity sales were upstream, how would consolidated net income be allocated to the controlling and noncontrolling interest? If the intra-entity sales were downstream, how would consolidated net income be allocated to the controlling and noncontrolling interest? What is the consolidated balance in the ending Inventory account? Assume that no intra-entity inventory sales occurred between Placid Lake and Scenic. Instead, in 2017, Scenic sold land costing $49,000 to Placid Lake for $88,000. On the 2018 consolidated balance sheet, what value should be reported for land? 1.f-1. Assume that no intra-entity inventory or land sales occurred between Placid Lake and Scenic. Instead, on January 1, 2017, Scenic sold equipment (that originally cost $180,000 but had a $79,000 book value on that date) to Placid Lake for $108,000. At the time of sale, the equipment had a remaining useful life of five years. What worksheet entries are made for a December 31, 2018, consolidation of these two companies to eliminate the impact of the intra-entity transfer?2.f-2. For 2018, what is the noncontrolling interest’s share of Scenic’s net income?Req A: What is consolidated net income for Placid Lake and its subsidiary?Req B and C: b. If the intra-entity sales were upstream, how would consolidated net income be allocated to the controlling and noncontrolling interest? c. If the intra-entity sales were downstream, how would consolidated net income be allocated to the controlling and noncontrolling interest? Controlling Interest Non-controlling Interest B. Upstream Answer: Answer: C. Downstream Answer: Answer: Req D and E: What is the consolidated balance in the ending Inventory account? e. Assume that no intra-entity inventory sales occurred between Placid Lake and Scenic. Instead, in 2017, Scenic sold land costing $49,000 to Placid Lake for $88,000. On the 2018 consolidated balance sheet, what value should be reported for land? Consolidated Inventory Answer: Consolidated land balance Answer: Req F1 No Transaction Accounts Debit Credit 1 1 Retained earnings – Scenic Equipment Accumulated depreciation 2 2 Accumulated depreciation Depreciation expense Assume that no intra-entity inventory or land sales occurred between Placid Lake and Scenic. Instead, on January 1, 2017, Scenic sold equipment (that originally cost $180,000 but had a $79,000 book value on that date) to Placid Lake for $108,000. At the time of sale, the equipment had a remaining useful life of five years. What worksheet entries are made for a December 31, 2018, consolidation of these two companies to eliminate the impact of the intra-entity transfer? (If no entry is required for a transaction/event, select “No journal entry required” in the first account field.)Req F2For 2018, what is the noncontrolling interest’s share of Scenic’s net income?Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest $_Answer______________
Equity Method

Human Resources: Employee Benefits Plan

Human Resources: Employee Benefits Plan.

Based on the job description and compensation analysis. 1. Write one page paper for employee benefits plan. Simple are attached.2. Find and add two other sources to confirm the salary in the Compensation analysis. Just cut and paste the picture into the word doc and then document where you found the information. Looking the compensation analysis, it already has one can be the example. (Look at the following websites, salary.com, glassdoor, and payscale. IF you know of theres in your specific field that is great.)This is not a difficult assignment.
Human Resources: Employee Benefits Plan