SES 311 King Fahd Security College Jeddah City Case Study

Factors That Influence Household And Individual Food Consumption Economics Essay

This paper identifies the factors that influence the household and individual food consumption. Since food is the most important item of the consumption basket, an analysis of the changes in food consumption pattern over time has a special significance which is the most important component for low and middle income groups. Food expenditure pattern is an excellent indicator of economic well being of people. Economic Development is not only brings about significant changes in the socio-economic and cultural life of a habitant population but it also influences the levels of living in the long run. India, a rapid developing and agrarian dominant economy has been bringing many changes in the socio economic life of her population since independence. Keyword -Expenditure, Consumption Patterns, Food Consumption and Household Consumer Expenditure, Factors affecting food consumption pattern. Introduction: The analysis of changing food consumption pattern over time would help in designing appropriate policies related to food production and distribution .Increasing number of working women, rise in per capita income, changing lifestyles and increasing level of affluence in the middle income group have also brought about changes in food habits. Rapid urbanization and sociological changes like the desire on the part of the housewives to spend less time in kitchen, the increased value for leisure, weakening of family ties, increased impact of television and its advertisement as well as changing life styles of the families, have brought about the changes in food consumption pattern. Since food is the most important item of the consumption basket, an analysis of the changes in food consumption pattern over time has a special significance which is the most important component for low and middle income groups. Food expenditure pattern is an excellent indicator of economic well being of people. If the society is wealthy proportionately high expenditure will be made on secondary necessities, comfort, luxury products and conspicuous consumption. On the other, if the society is at subsistence level, people will spend proportionately more on food. Engel’s law also states that the poorer the family, the greater is the proportion of its total income devoted to provision of food. Economic Development is not only brings about significant changes in the socio-economic and cultural life of a habitant population but it also influences the levels of living in the long run. India, a rapid developing and agrarian dominant economy has been bringing many changes in the socio economic life of her population since independence. Due to variations in natural resources endowments; physical and climatic conditions; economic factors like income, prices and the extent of magnetization; demographic factors like household size and degree of urbanization and cultural factors are likely to influence consumption expenditure pattern. Such diverse socio-economic, demographic and cultural factors are reflected in the inequality in the distribution of consumption expenditure as it is revealed by the national sample survey organization data on consumption expenditure in India. Food consumption has been a subject of research all over the world. It is especially meaningful in developing countries where food expenditure accounts for a relatively large share of household income. Studies on food consumption shed light on food related nutritional policies. They provide estimates of how food consumption is affected by change in prices, income and taxation policies ( Dune and Edkins 2005) The studies on food consumption pattern or expenditure pattern are very important as it is related to poverty and standard of our society. Food being the foremost basic need gets the priority in the expenditure of people, especially the poor classes. It is necessary to study the change in food consumption pattern under the changing situation of liberalization, privatization and globalization. After liberalization began in 1991, though much attention has been paid to the reduction in head count ratio, less priority have been accorded to the magnitude and pattern of food consumption. Ray and Lancaster (2005) have recently shown that the link had weakened to the extent that the official poverty line in India today is quite out of step with that based on the household minimum calorie requirements. This necessitates an analysis on the magnitude and trend in food consumption, especially cereals, over the reform period in India, in view of their strong implications for food and nutrition securities. This study provides evidence on the magnitude and patterns in food consumption status of both rural and urban population. There is a strong indication that improvement in the levels of living might not have been distributed well and certain pockets of the states might have remained impoverished in spite of their overall growth. While studies abound on the consumption expenditure among rural and urban households for various expenditure classes at macro level, very few studies have been done at micro level to explain the rural – urban differences in the consumption pattern. Per capita income and food consumption both are the indicators of human development but food consumption is a better indicator of human welfare. India’s faster economic growth over 1990s has raised per capita income (expenditure) and has significantly impacted its food consumption patterns by causing a change in the structure of food consumption patterns observed earlier during pre-reforms period. This raises the relevance of looking at the composition of India’s food consumption basket. Changes in the composition of food consumption expenditure during the 1990s, including the shift from cereals to non-cereal items against the background of a decline in food expenditure share, occurred right across the growth spectrum and raise the issue of the nutritional implications of food items particularly during post-reforms period. Purpose: The purpose of this study of the literature was to determine which factors influence household and individual food consumption. Literature Review: Numerous studies have been made in recent years on the trends of poverty, inequality and level of living in Indian states during the 1990s. Some have highlighted the reduction in poverty (Sundaram and Tendulkar 2003; Bhanumurthy and Mitra 2004), while some others have expressed anguish over the rising economic inequality (Deaton and Dreze, 2002; Sen and Himanshu, 2004; Krishna, 2004).There is a common feeling that although there has been some overall improvement in the average levels of living of people across the majority of states, those who were already on a better footing could reap the advantages of the economic reforms in the 90‟s and experience faster growth, while there was no tangible improvement for the poorest few. Again, the rural -urban expenditure gap, believed to have widened overtime, needs meticulous scrutiny. Campbell (1960) conducted a survey and had given a comparison between older persons and younger persons at identical income level. Younger people, at all income level, spend more on clothing, furniture and miscellaneous items than older people but less on medical care. David (1962) studies revealed that the size of the family and frequency of purchasing durables, kinds of durable purchased and the substitution of durables for commercial services hampers the consumption pattern of households. Chatterjee (1962) on the basis on NSS consumption expenditure data for rural and urban areas and six zones has been estimated for elasticities on expenditures on food. Gupta(1968) has compared the differences in overall consumption patterns in the state of UP and Tamil Nadu for the reason of their known and distinct economic , social and cultural differences .The study has concluded that there exist significant differences in consumer expenditure on various categories of item in those states in general as well as also between rural and urban regions in each of two states. Kwang (1972) had analyzed the effect of income as well as other economic and social demographic characteristics on household’s consumption expenditure significantly among different groups. Chatterjee

Explanation of Cancer Disease Response Essay

essay writing service free Explanation of Cancer Disease Response Essay. Cancer is the unrestrained increase in aberrant body cells. These anomalous cells divide faster than normal cells and form tumors that proliferate throughout the body. These uncharacteristic cells do not die easily. Different body organs or tissues can develop cancer. This leads to numerous types of cancers depending on the part of the body where they form (The New York Times, 2012). Examples of cancers are breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, among many others. This article gives an overview of what the public ought to know about the cancers. Indicators of cancers depend on the location of the malignant cells. For example, constipation and passing watery or blood-stained stool may be witnessed in colon cancer. On the other hand, coughing, chest pain, and difficulties in breathing may accompany cancer of the lungs. However, the general symptoms of all cancers include loss of weight, exhaustion, depression, and appetite loss. These symptoms may not always mean that an individual has cancer. However, it is vital that a person with such symptoms must undergo a thorough medical examination. This report identifies high risk dynamics of cancers. Such dynamics include poisons in the environment, viruses, genetics, obesity, exposure to radiations, and alcoholism. Dietary alterations may also put certain people at risk of cancers. This report attributes the high incidences of stomach cancer in Japan to the Japanese diet. This article cites the leading cancers in women and men in the United States. It shows that cancer of the breast leads among the women whereas prostate cancer is common among men. This report also gives some pieces of advice on precautions to take against cancers, among which are diagnosis of cancers, and available treatment options. This article covers descriptive epidemiology adequately. It gives essential information on cancers such as causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. However, it does not give information on measures of disease frequency. It does not give prevalence and incidence rates of cancer (actual numbers involved). Bonita, Beaglehole, Kdjellstrom, and World Health Organization argue that such information (prevalence and incidence) is useful in the progress “of epidemics of non communicable diseases” (2006). References Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., Kdjellstrom, T.Explanation of Cancer Disease Response Essay

Modern Architecture “Description” paper

Modern Architecture “Description” paper.

I’m working on a Art & Design question and need a sample draft to help me learn.

These are the requirements listed on the assignment and I will link an outline with an example paper. The building I have chosen is Master Houses of Kandinsky and Klee by GropiusFollow the format of the “template” on the next two pages to complete this simple assignment; you can choose any building from
the periods covered in class through to the end of the quarter, and buildings from the midterm exam listed above are acceptable.
Some simple research using DePaul’s Richardson Library Online Resources (Oxford Art Online is especially useful) will suffice
for this assignment; use the “Turabian Quick Guide” handout to cite your sources following proper Chicago/Turabian formatting.
Modern Architecture “Description” paper

SNHU Unratified Treaties Domestic Politics & US Constitution Discussion

SNHU Unratified Treaties Domestic Politics & US Constitution Discussion.

I’m working on a history question and need an explanation to help me learn.

In this discussion, you will consider how historical lenses can affect the study of a historical topic. Select one of the secondary source articles from your research. After reading that article, write a discussion post about which of the following lenses you believe the article is using: social, political, economic, or other. Use at least two quotes from your source to justify your choice of lens. Your post title should also indicate which topic you have selected. use source: Levinson, S. (2003). Looking
Abroad When Interpreting the US Constitution: Some Reflections. Tex.
Int’l LJ, 39, 353.
SNHU Unratified Treaties Domestic Politics & US Constitution Discussion