Santa Barbara Business College Film Analysis Role of The Perception Process Discussion

What is the Likelihood of Finding a Suitable Stem Cell Donor

At present, there are close to 29 million potential stem cell donors in the Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide registry [4]. Though the number of donors continues to grow worldwide, there are significant resource implications in donor recruitment and HLA typing. Therefore, the challenge of thoughtful donor recruitment strategy becomes increasingly relevant. These include recruitment efforts focused on young male donors [5] or on relatives of registered donors with rare human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotypes [6], minority donor recruitment programs [7-10], and regional priority setting of recruitment activities based on HLA frequency differences [11-14]. The decisive question of “What is the likelihood of finding a suitable matched adult donor in their registry?” definitely warrants registries strategy planning. Recently, Schmidt, et al [15] reported that population-specific matching probabilities (MP) are a key parameter to assess the benefits of unrelated stem cell donor registries and the need for further donor recruitment efforts. The authors described a general framework for MP estimations of specific and mixed patient populations under consideration of international stem cell donor exchange. Calculations were based on HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 loci high-resolution haplotype frequencies (HF) of up to 21 populations. Based on the existing donor numbers, the largest MP increases in addition of 500,000 same-population donors were observed for patients from Greece ( 0.21) while only small MP increases occurred for European Americans ( 0.004) and Germans ( 0.01). Due to the large Chinese population, the optimal distribution of 5,000,000 new donors worldwide included 3.9 million Chinese donors [15]. Nevertheless, the authors observed the need for same-population donor recruitment in order to increase population-specific MP efficiently. National strategies that neglect domestic donor recruitment should therefore be critically re-assessed, especially if only few donors have been recruited so far. As described by Schmidt et al [15], the probability p(n) for a random patient from a given population to find at least one matching donor in a registry including n individuals of a donor population is given with p(n) is the matching probability in “n” sample size, fi being the frequencies of the i-th genotype and i-th is any genotype from the rank of genotypes in the order of the highest to the lowest frequencies in a donor population. Genotype frequencies can be derived from the estimated HF under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). HF is calculated from DNA-typed registry donors with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm PHASE [16]. Four-locus high-resolution HF (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, and HLA-DRB1) were used for adult donors. The HF and effective adult-donor registry size for each group were then put into a matching model that assumes genotypes are in HWE [17, 18]. The strategy involved modeling the likelihood that an 8/8 or 7/8 HLA-matched adult donor was available. For better analysis, information of adult-donor availability including donor refusal, discrepant donor typing and loss of contact would be desirable. According to the calculations, the likelihood of finding an available 8/8 HLA matched donor is 75% for white patients of European descent but only 46% for White patients of Middle Eastern or North African descent [19]. Similarly, the chance of finding an 8/8 HLA-matched donor for other groups is lower and varies with racial and ethnic background. For Black Americans of all ethnic backgrounds, the probabilities are 16 to 19%; for Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Native Americans, they range between 27% and 52%. As it was reported that adult-donor availability differs according to racial and ethnic background [19], models including this variable have substantially lower match likelihoods than those which did not take into this account. Although the likelihood of HLA matching is the greatest with donors from the patient’s racial and ethnic group, donors from other racial and ethnic groups may increase this likelihood. Patients from groups with relatively low inter-racial or inter-ethnic marriage, such as Asian groups, are less likely to have donors identified from outside their group. The overall available rate is only 29%. We therefore estimated the donor pool and matching probability in this study based on our previous published gene and haplotype frequencies in Hong Kong population [20]. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sample Collection and genotyping As reported previously, 7,595 voluntary unrelated bone marrow donors recruited by the HKBMDR between January 2013 and June 2014 were included in the analysis [20]. All donors are of Chinese origin, HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 genotypes were obtained using polymerase chain-reaction sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe methods using LifeCodes HLA-SSO Typing Kit (Gen-Probe, Stamford, CT) when analysed by Luminex 200â„¢ system (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX). Typing ambiguity was resolved using sequence specific primer or sequence based typing methods utilising the specific primers of SBTexcellerator® HLA typing Kit (Genome Diagnostics, Utrecht, the Netherlands). Alleles were determined according to IMGT/HLA Database release 3.18.0. Statistics Analysis The frequencies of HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 alleles were calculated from the number of observed genotype. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for each loci was assessed by PyPop using MCMC simulation from Guo and Thompson [21], and genotype frequency deviance within each loci was detected by PyPop invoking Arlequin [22]. P value of <0.01 was considered as statistical significant. By using the formulae described by Schmidt et al [15] with modification, the probability p(n) for a random patient from a given population to find at least one matching donor in a registry including n individuals of a donor population is given with p(n) is the matching probability in “n” sample size, fi being the frequencies of the i-th genotype and i-th is any genotype from the rank of genotypes in the order of the highest to the lowest frequencies in a donor population. RESULTS The HLA genotypes and haplotypes frequency mentioned in the following section have been recently published [20]. HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 genotypes deviated from the expected Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Proportions (HWEP) (p < 0.001) shown in Table 1 [20]. Four-locus haplotype frequencies were estimated using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm PHASE [16]; adherence to HWEP was also assessed using PyPop 0.7.0 [23]. A few but significant deviations from HWEP were detected for all the four loci, HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1. Deviation from HWEP detected at the HLA-A locus is derived primary from an excess of A*02:01 A*02:03 genotypes (247 observed, 218.5 expected; p = 0.0007) and an undercount of A*02:06 A*02:03 genotypes (16 observed, 48.2 expected; p = <0.0001). List of the deviations from HWEP at HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 are in Table 2. The allele and haplotype frequencies data are available in the Allele Frequencies Net Database under the population name 'Hong Kong Chinese BMDR' and the identifier (AFND 3357) [24]. Summary statistics for Hong Kong haplotypes is shown in Table 3. 2,146 A-C-B-DRB1 haplotypes with frequencies > 0.006% were estimated from these donors. The cumulative frequency distributions for HLA-A, -B, -C and -DRB1 loci in this Hong Kong Chinese cohort are shown in Table 4. Top twenty Haplotype A-C-B-DRB1 frequencies are shown in Table 5 [20]; nine of them have frequencies of greater than 1%. Our findings on HLA alleles and haplotypes frequencies were found to be very similar to those of Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) Race/Ethnicity of the NMDP Registry and other studies on Han Chinese population [25]. The most common haplotype A*33:03-C*03:02-B*58:01-DRB1*03:01 ranked second in the A/PI of NMDP registry (2.3%) and top in Singapore Chinese (5.1%) [26]. The second most common haplotype A*02:01-C*01:02-B*46:01-DRB1*09:01 was one of most frequent haplotypes among Chinese populations, especially the southern area of China and Guangdong [27, 28]. However, the fifth common haplotype A*02:03-C*07:02-B*38:02-DRB1*16:02, was found to be less common in the A/PI of NMDP Registry (0.4%) and the mainland China (0.3%) [25, 28]. We compared the top 100 haplotypes of HKBMDR

​Monsters in America Project ( only Chapter 7), English homework help

help writing ​Monsters in America Project ( only Chapter 7), English homework help.

Monsters in America Project ( only Chapter 6)As W. Scott Poole’s text will serve as the conceptual framework for the course, this assignment seeks to promote regular critical engagement with the text.Part 1: Chapter by Chapter Engagement. For each chapter of the text, students will maintain comprehensive, written dossiers separated into three components as follows.Component 1: Annotated Reflections. (1.5-2 pages) Students will compose written reflections on the material covered, using annotation as a strategy to highlight their perspective and response to the readings. Keeping the principles outlined in Adler’s “How to Mark a Book” in mind while reading, students should seek to identify moments/passages in the text that were illuminating, confusing, instructive, dubious, biased, fascinating, problematic, and so forth.The written reflection itself should be both specific and representative of the whole range of the required reading, and not simply be from the first few pages of the reading. This piece is a reflection of how the reader interacts with the text; there is no right or wrong, only different levels of academic curiosity and critical thought.The reflection should include a series of insightful, well-developed entries of select annotations the student has made. Each entry should begin by citing the first few words of the relevant phrase or passage, followed by the page number. The remainder of the entry should examine the significance of the passage. Entries can clarify a reference and explain its significance, explore something that is unclear, or explain why something resonates with the reader, etc. (There is a reason that you made the annotation, and each individual will annotate something different.)Reflections will be submitted according to the due dates outlined in the weekly schedule. Those students scheduled to present for a given chapter are not required to submit a reflection (see Monsters in America Presentations assignment). An individual grade is not assigned to each reflection; however, reflections will be graded collectively upon the completion of the project. Failure to submit a reflection will result in a 10 point reduction from the overall project grade.Component 2: Summary. (1 page) Students will compose a summary of the chapter, highlighting the key elements of Poole’s text. These summaries should not exceed one page in length.Component 3: Vocabulary. Students will maintain a list of unfamiliar words they come across in the chapter. The list should also include the page on which the word was found. Once completing the chapter, students will define these words using a college dictionary and observing the definition appropriate for the word’s usage in context.Part 2: Comprehensive Reflection. The comprehensive reflection will be a culminating work composed at the end of the semester. Prior to the class, students will have their chapter reflections returned to them for review. The comprehensive reflection will call upon students, using their chapter reflections as their only reference, to treat Monsters in America in its entirety, focusing on their overall impressions of the work as well as anything learned from the text with long ranging applicability beyond the context of the course.The comprehensive reflection will be graded in conjunction with the previously submitted chapter reflections to determine the final grade for the project———————————-please read the instruction carefully!
​Monsters in America Project ( only Chapter 7), English homework help

Environmental Studies: Asbestos Management Report

Environmental Studies: Asbestos Management Report. Introduction Site History Port Kembla is a blend of urban and coastal settings with extensive industrial land use forming a central hub with several historical buildings and heritage sites (Wollongong City Council 2008). Because of the historical changes in the road patterns, limited and declining job opportunities, and competition from the neighboring Warrawong, Port Kembla had experienced a significant decline as a commercial and industrial center until the government decided to reinvigorate the Port. The Port, created in 1883 had its growth initiated by a rail connection to the state rail network to enhance the transportation of coal from the area. In 1898, Port Kembla Habour act was passed aimed at creating the outer Habour. Construction work which resumed in 1900 covering 500 acres of Habour with the inner Habour dredging, which commenced1950 and commissioned in 1960 (Wollongong City Council 2008). The Port is situated in the Illawarra region. In the construction process, different materials were used with different health and environmental implications. In the historical context, the land was reclaimed with a significant presence of land pollutants in the soil transported by ship to Port Kembla aimed for use in the outer Habour construction work. Asbestos was one such material used extensively for construction work in different construction products in the 1980s (Lowry 2002). Studies initiated because of the implementation of the Contaminated Sites Act 2003 (CS Act) demonstrated a significant health impact on the people from asbestos poisoning. To address the resulting environmental and health implications, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), Lend Lease, Port Minister and Kembla Port Corporation assured Kembla residents that the movement of soil to Port Kembla could be safe (LangfordEnvironmental Studies: Asbestos Management Report

NSG 430 Stratford University Complex Care Nursing Liability Discussion

NSG 430 Stratford University Complex Care Nursing Liability Discussion.

Liability DiscussionFind a news article (not an article from a lawyer’s website) on a medical error. Summarize the case, and discuss how the error could have happened, . Include the Hippocratic oath and what it means to you. What is the difference between maleficence and negligence? Who accepts the responsibility and the liability in a medical error? What outside sources exist to help prevent, or help in reporting medical errors?Some examples of cases with medical errors (do not limit yourself to just these, you can find your own):Faith LeGrand Jessica SantilianBenjamin HoughtonWillie KingDonald Church
NSG 430 Stratford University Complex Care Nursing Liability Discussion