San Jose State University Factorial Design Discussion

A:
Factorial design refers to a study that has more than one independent variable. According to Saleh, Tuzen, and Sar?, (2018), Scholars use A notation to represent the number of levels on one of the independent variables under consideration. In contrast, the second notation B represents the number of levels for the second variable.Factor in statistics refers to a variable that stands on its own and that which cannot be changed by other variables that the researchers want to measure .The main effect in statistics refers to the effect that one of the independent variables has on a variable that depends on others, but the effects of another independent variable must not be taken into consideration (Saleh, Tuzen, and Sar?, 2018).A cell refers to a single box in which an individual can record data pieces .An interaction in statistics refers to what happens after the effect of one independent variable on the dependent one changes depending on another independent variable’s level (Saleh, Tuzen, and Sar?, 2018).
The factorial design ANOVA assumes that the dependent variable used in the analysis should use metric measurement level, whereas the independent variable needs to be nominal or better.  Scholars recommend that independent variables be grouped first if they are not nominal or ordinal before carrying out the factorial ANOVA.  Scholars also assume that the variance analysis on factorial design considers the dependent variable as an approximate of multivariate normal distribution (Breitsohl, 2019). Additionally, statisticians have an assumption that the error variance throughout the sample is the same at all data points.  Statisticians believe that a high variation depicts that the results that have been arrived at are more collect.
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B:
n a factorial design, the main effect of an independent variable is its overall effect averaged across all other independent variables. There is one main effect for each independent variable. There is an interaction between two independent variables when the effect of one depends on the level of the other. A cell means the various model estimates, one parameter is given for every cell, and the intercept is set to 0. They are not useful in overall tests but are used in simple estimate statements. Factors are control experimenter variables during experiments to determine their impact on the variable that is responding. Factors may use a number of values that are limited based on what is chosen by the experimenters. A main effect is the effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable—averaging across the levels of the other independent variable. There is one main effect to consider for each independent variable in the study. Main effects are independent of each other in the sense that whether or not there is a main effect of one independent variable says nothing about whether or not there is a main effect of the other. There is an interaction effect when the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another. Although this might seem complicated, you already have an intuitive understanding of interactions. As an everyday example, assume your friend asks you to go to a movie with another friend. Your response to her is, well it depends on which movie you are going to see and who else is coming.
The factorial ANOVA has several assumptions that need to be fulfilled by interval data of the dependent variable, normality, homoscedasticity, and no multicollinearities. Furthermore, similar to all tests that are based on variation the quality of results is stronger when the sample contains a lot of variation – i.e., the variation is unrestricted and not truncated. The factorial ANOVA requires the dependent variable in the analysis to be of metric measurement level (that is ratio or interval data) the independent variables can be nominal or better. If the independent variables are not nominal or ordinal they need to be grouped first before the factorial ANOVA can be done. The factorial analysis of variance assumes that the dependent variable approximates a multivariate normal distribution. The assumption needs can be verified by checking graphically or tested with a goodness of fit test against normal distribution. Some statisticians argue that the limit theorem implies that large random samples automatically approximate normal distribution. Small, non-normal samples can be increased in size by bootstrapping. However, if the observations are not completely random, e.g., when a specific subset of the general population has been chosen for the analysis, increasing the sample size might not fix the violation of multivariate normality. In these cases, it is best to apply a non-linear transformation, e.g., log transformation, to the data. The transformation would be correctly described as transforming the scores into an index. For example, we would transform our murder rate per 100,000 inhabitants into a murder index, because the log-transformation of the murder rate would not easily make sense numerically. The factorial ANOVA assumes homoscedasticity of error variances, which means that the error variances of all data points of the dependent variable are equal or homogenous throughout the sample. In simpler terms this means that the variability in the measurement error should be constant along the scale and not increase or decrease with larger values. The Levene’s Test addresses this assumption. As factorial ANOVA requires the observations to be mutually independent from each other (e.g., no repeated measurements) and that the independent variables are independent from each other. And like most statistical analysis, the higher the variation within the sample the better the results of the factorial ANOVA. Restricted or truncated variance, e.g., because of biased sampling, results in lower F-values, which increases the p-values.
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Recommended Textbooks:
1.Discovering Statistics and Data, 3rd Edition, by Hawkes. Published by Hawkes Learning Systems.
2.Lind, Marchal, Wathen, Statistical Techniques in Business and Economics, 16th Edition.
San Jose State University Factorial Design Discussion

4.5 Writing Techniquesthesis statement and outlineUsing the Rhetorical Methods in Academic Writing in Back to the Lake (p. 20-26). Please review and have reference materials handy while completing this assignment.To complete this assignment, you will identify a topic addressed in “Linguistic Terrorism,” establish your own position on the topic, state your position as a thesis statement, and create an outline.Identify the theme or topic from the reading that most interests you.Turn the topic into a question (i.e. How diverse is my neighborhood?)Answer your question (this will result in a statement of your position on the topic)Narrow the focus of your statement (this will result in a thesis statement)Next, create a basic outline. Make sure you have three or four main points that support your thesis statement. Also, provide at least one quote or paraphrase from the reading selection from Back to the Lake to accompany each main point in your thesis (these text references may share or oppose your position). Finally, be sure to include some examples or observations from your own experience that support your main points. Compose your intro paragraph and one supporting paragraph. It will be helpful to review the section in Back to the Lake on this part of the writing process on pages 56-61. “Linguistic Terrorism”(Reference )_Deslenguadas. Somos los del español deficiente. We are your linguistic nightmare, your linguistic aberration, your linguistic mestizaje, the subject of your burla. Because we speak with tongues of fire we are culturally crucified. Racially, culturally, and linguistically somos huérfanos–we speak an orphan tongue.Chicanas who grew up speaking Chicano Spanish have internalized the belief that we speak poor Spanish. It is illegitimate, a bastard language. And because we internalize how our language has been used against us by the dominant culture, we use our language differences against each other.Chicana feminists often skirt around each other with suspicion and hesitation. For the longest time I couldn’t figure it out. Then it dawned on me. To be close to another Chicana is like looking into the mirror. We are afraid of what we’ll see there. Pena. Shame. Low estimation of self. In childhood we are told that our language is wrong. Repeated attacks on our native tongue diminish our sense of self. The attacks continue throughout our lives.Chicanas feel uncomfortable talking in Spanish to Latinas, afraid of their censure. Their language was not outlawed in their countries. They had a whole lifetime of being immersed in their native tongue; generations, centuries in which Spanish was a first language, taught in school, heard on radio and TV, and read in the newspaper.If a person, Chicana or Latina, has a low estimation of my native tongue, she also has a low estimation of me. Often with mexicanas y latinas we’ll speak English as a neutral language. Even among Chicanas we tend to speak English at parties or conferences. Yet, at the same time, we’re afraid the other will think we are agringadas because we don’t speak Chicano Spanish. We oppress each other trying to out Chicano each other, vying to be the “real” Chicanas, to speak like Chicanos. There is no one Chicano language just as there is no one Chicano experience. A monolingual Chicana whose first language is English or Spanish is just as much a Chicana as one who speaks several varieties of Spanish. A Chicana from Michigan or Chicago or Detroit is just as much a Chicana as one from the Southwest. Chicano Spanish is as diverse linguistically as it is regionally.By the end of this century, Spanish speakers will comprise the biggest minority group in the U.S., a country where students in high schools and colleges are encouraged to take French classes because French is considered more “cultured.” But for a language to remain alive it must be used. (1) By the end of this century English, and not Spanish, will be the mother tongue of most Chicanos and Latinos.***So, if you want to really hurt me, talk badly about my language. Ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic identity–I am my language. Until I can take pride in my language, I cannot take pride in myself. Until I can accept as legitimate Chicano Texas Spanish, Tex Mex, and all the other languages I speak, I cannot accept the legitimacy of myself. Until I am free to write bilingually and to switch codes without having always to translate, while I still have to speak English or Spanish when I would rather speak Spanglish, and as long as I have to accommodate the English speakers rather than having them accommodate me, my tongue will be illegitimate.I will no longer be made to feel ashamed of existing. I will have my voice. Indian, Spanish, white. I will have my serpent’s tongue–my woman’s voice, my sexual voice, my poet’s voice. I will overcome the tradition of silence.
CVCC Linguistic Terrorism Thesis Statement and Outline