Reliability refers to the:
Select one:
a.
validity of data.
b.
values of data.
c.
levels of data.
d.
consistency of data.
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An experiment is said to have construct validity if:
Select one:
a.
it produces reliable findings.
b.
its findings can be replicated.
c.
its findings are consistent across experiments.
d.
it measures what the investigator designed it to measure.
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All of the following illustrate positive punishment EXCEPT:
Select one:
a.
Receiving harsh criticism for lying to your parents.
b.
Losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew.
c.
Getting stung by a bee when walking barefoot outside and stepping on the bee.
d.
Getting pepper sprayed for making a lewd comment to a stranger.
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When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of:
Select one:
a.
experimental research
b.
naturalistic observation.
c.
survey research.
d.
psychometric study.
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The best approach to distinguish psychology from pseudo-psychology is to:
Select one:
a.
follow the scientific method and carefully analyze the results.
b.
gather anecdotes and survey information in support of ESP.
c.
employ critical thinking techniques.
d.
compile a series of case studies.
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Normally adaptive mental and physiological feeling states that direct our attention and guide our behavior are called:
Select one:
a.
Fears
b.
Cognitions
c.
Emotions
d.
Stressors
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Motivations can be which of the following?
Select one:
a.
biological, such as hunger and thirst
b.
personal, such as the motivation for achievement
c.
social, such as the motivation for acceptance and belonging
d.
All of the above
e.
None of the above
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Stress is:
Select one:
a.
Always bad.
b.
Normally adaptive because it helps us respond to potentially dangerous events.
c.
Is always experienced as prolonged, which means stress has a direct negative influence on our physical health.
d.
Declines with age, or intelligence, whichever comes first.
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Which of the following is NOT true of positive thinking:
Select one:
a.
Positive thinking can be beneficial to our health.
b.
Positive thinking can enhance optimism, self-efficacy, and hardiness.
c.
Even though people may try to think positively, people may not always know what will make them happy.
d.
Positive thinking increases drives to achieve material wealth, as a crucial metric in attaining happiness.
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Which of the following is true of learning?
Select one:
a.
Not all learning can be explained through the principles of classical and operant conditioning.
b.
All learning is operant conditioned.
c.
Most learning is classically conditioned.
d.
Learning is always observational.
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From a systems theory perspective, the behaviors and feelings of each individual person may seem to exist separately; but, in reality, nothing exists by itself. Everything can be understood in some sort of relational context.
Select one:
True
False
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Systems theorists assert that what affects one individual in some way affects all.
Select one:
True
False
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A thermostat represents well an example of homeostasis.
Select one:
True
False
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Equifinality means that, in theory, the same results can be secured by starting from different points of departure.
Select one:
True
False
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According to systems theory, anxiety and distress increases when a family member behaves out of character, or out of alignment with one’s “role.”
Select one:
True
False
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Roles that are more rigidly followed in childhood are more likely to be replicated in adulthood.
Select one:
True
False
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People’s scriipts are usually unconscious, which generally ensures they will be repeated over and over.
Select one:
True
False
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Everyone adopts a style of life and guiding goals, including habits, tendencies, and basic attitudes; systems theorists assert that as these styles of life become scriipts, they become routinized, particularly as we age; but with careful investigation, and skillful implementation of various psychological techniques and methods, these patterns can be changed to some degree.
Select one:
True
False
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According to systems thinking, entities interact with each other in circular patterns, rather than a linear “cause-effect” manner.
Select one:
True
False
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According to systems thinking, the viewer and that which is viewed are two parts of a larger reality.
Select one:
True
False
3. Read over the following essay prompt. Respond to the various questions in the prompt using knowledge attained in this course. (There is more than one right way to answer these, so do your best and critically think through the various ideas!.) You can respond to the questions in a traditional essay format, or you can pull out the questions and answer them individually, whichever helps you the most.
How does emotion affect cognition? It almost certainly increases the strength of a memory (for example, compare your memories of September 10, 2001 with your memories of September 11, 2001). But what about the influence of particular emotions when you’re making decisions? This is a topic of great importance to many professionals, from teachers (who foster environments that enable students to learn) to pilots (who train to make emergency landings in stressful situations).
Imagine a typical decision you make on a daily basis: whether to save or spend your money. Imagine yourself making that decision under three difference conditions: when you’re angry, when you’re happy, and when you’re afraid. In each case, what do you decide to do with your money?
Now imagine you enter your psychology class and you’re angry, or happy, or afraid. Your Professor hands you your test with a big, red D- written on it. In each case, how do you respond?
You can continue this thought experiment as it applies to different areas of your life. Overall, how would you characterize the effects of different emotions on decision-making, and be sure to discuss how understanding emotions better might contribute to more personal and professional success?
4. In our class together, we studied two broad types of learning: associative learning and non-associative learning. Associative learning is when you learn something new about a new kind of stimulus (that is, an extra stimulus). Non-associative learning is when you’re not pairing a stimulus with a particular behavior. Non-associative learning can be either habituation or sensitization.
Habituation is when repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases an organism’s responsiveness to the stimulus. What are some things in life that we experience over and over again and react less and less to? What’s an example of habituation in your life at work? At home? How might you change a current habituation in order to be more productive, and/or happy?
Sensitization is kind of the opposite. It’s learning that occurs 4. when stimulus is repeated, and each time your response to it increases as it goes on and on. So what’s an example of sensitization in life at work, and at home? How might you enhance a current sensitization in order to be more productive, and/or happy?