A Two Port Network Biology Essay
A Two Port Network Biology Essay. A two-port network a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole is an electrical network circuit or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits. Two terminals constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential requirement known as the port condition: the electric current entering one terminal must equal the current emerging from the other. The ports constitute interfaces where the network connects to other networks, the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken. In a two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is considered the output port. The two-port network model is used in mathematical circuit analysis techniques to isolate portions of larger circuits. A two-port network is regarded as a “black box” with its properties specified by a matrix of numbers. This allows the response of the network to signals applied to the ports to be calculated easily, without solving for all the internal voltages and currents in the network. It also allows similar circuits or devices to be compared easily. For example, transistors are often regarded as two-ports, characterized by their h-parameters (see below) which are listed by the manufacturer. Any linear circuit with four terminals can be regarded as a two-port network provided that it does not contain an independent source and satisfies the port conditions. Examples of circuits analysed as two-ports are filters, matching networks, transmission lines, transformers, and small-signal models for transistors (such as the hybrid-pi model). The analysis of passive two-port networks is an outgrowth of reciprocity theorems first derived by Lorentz. In two-port mathematical models, the network is described by a 2 by 2 square matrix of complex numbers. The common models that are used are referred to as z-parameters, y-parameters, h-parameters, g-parameters, and ABCD-parameters, each described individually below. These are all limited to linear networks since an underlying assumption of their derivation is that any given circuit condition is a linear superposition of various short-circuit and open circuit conditions. They are usually expressed in matrix notation, and they establish relations between the variables” (Two-Port Networks. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 25, 20012, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-port_network) The experiment is divided into two parts: Part 1 is focused on determining two-port network parameters (admittance and transmission parameters only). The process of measurement and calculations will be briefly illustrated in Theoretical Supplement part. We are aiming to investigate the relationships between the individual parameters and the parameters of two-port networks in cascade and parallel. Part 2 is focused on finding out the transient responses in two-port networks containing capacitive and inductive reactances. Theoretical Supplements: Measurement of Admittance (Y-) Parameters: The equations to determine the parameters are: I1 = y11V1 y12V2 I2 = y21V1 y22V2 i.e. [I] = [Y].[V] [Y] = y11 y12 y21 y22 where are the Y parameters of the two-port network. Experimentally these parameters can be determined by short circuiting the ports, one at a time. Hence these parameters are also termed as short-circuit admittance parameters. The following diagrams show the method to calculate the parameters: When output port is shorted (as shown in Figure 2 below): V2 = 0.1 Figure 2 y11 = I1 / V1 y21 = I2 / V1 When input port is shorted (as shown in Figure 3 below): V1 = 0 2 Figure3 y12 = I1 / V2 y22 = I2 / V2 Measurement of Transmission Parameters: The equations to determine the parameters are: V1 = AV2 – BI2 I1 = CV2 – DI2 Or3 Where [t] is the transmission parameters of the two-port network. Experimentally, the t-parameters can be obtained by short circuiting and open circuiting the output one at a time. The following procedure shows how to calculate the parameters: Output port is open-circuited: i.e. I2 = 0 4 Figure4 A = V1 / V2 C = I1 / V2 Output port is short-circuited: i.e. V2 = 0 1 Figure5 B = – V1 / I2 D = – I1 / I2 Cascade Interconnection of two 2-port Networks: Considering the 2 networks A and B which are connected in cascade, as shown in Figure 6 below. From this the transmission parameters of the combined cascaded network (N) is obtained. The method is demonstrated below. 5 Figure 6 [t]N = [t]A.[t]B 7 Hence, the following result is obtained. 8 Parallel Interconnection of two 2-Port Networks: Considering the two networks A and B which connected in parallel, as shown in Figure 7 below. The overall y-parameters of the combined network N can be obtained as follows: 6 Figure 7 I1 = I1A I1B I2 = I2A I2B V1 = V1A = V1B V2 = V2A = V2B; And H:DropboxCamera Uploads2012-10-25 05.41.34.jpg It can be seen that the overall Y-parameters can be obtained by summing the corresponding Y-parameters of individual networks A and B, when the A and B networks are not altered by the parallel connection. Transient Responses of Two-Port Networks: Damping Ratio º is defined as the ratio of the actual resistance in damped harmonic motion to that necessary to produce critical damping. It is also known as relative damping ratio. We divide the transient responses into three types on the basis of damping ratio º, Over damped response (º > 1), Under damped response (º < 1) and Critically damped response (º = 1). The various conditions stated above are described in detail below. Over damped Response: In this case the roots of the characteristic equation are real and distinct. The solution to the input signal is a decaying exponential function with no oscillations and the transient response will be over damped. The response to the input signal is slow and has no overshoots or undershoots. Under damped: The roots are complex in this case. The transient response will be under damped when º<1. In this case the solution is a decaying exponential function which has an oscillatory portion in between. Overshoots and undershoots will be produced. Critically damped: When º = 1, the roots are real and equal, and the transient response to the input signal will be critically damped. There will be no oscillations whatsoever. This case is a desirable outcome in many industries. In this experiment, we are mainly using the second type, which is the under damped response. And the characteristic equation is given by: S2 2ºÏ‰nS ωn2 where ωn = undamped natural frequency = 1/√( LC ) ωn √ (1 – º2 ) = damped natural frequency {A484D667-ABED-4193-B38C-40120C378004} º = damping ratio = Further critical details have been illustrated in the Appendix B of Laboratory manual of Experiment L212. Objectives: To measure the admittance-parameters and transmission parameters of two-port network To investigate the relationships between individual network parameters and two-port networks in cascade and parallel connections To study the transient response of a two-port network containing capacitive and inductive reactances. Equipment: Digital Storage Oscilloscope Function Generator (50Ω) Digital Multimeter Inductor with 2 inductance steps Capacitors: 22μF, 100μF Resistors: 33Ω, 100Ω (2 numbers), 220Ω, 330Ω, 560Ω, 680Ω, 3.9kΩ, 4.7kΩ (2 numbers), 5.6kΩ, 6.8kΩ Bread-board Procedure: Measurement of Admittance-Parameters and Transmission Parameters and to investigate the relationships between individual network parameters and two port networks in cascade and parallel connections Setup A Connect the resistive network A as shown in Figure 8 below. With the network connected in the circuit, apply a sinusoidal voltage of 1 kHz, and amplitude 10 volts from peak to peak at: Port 1 with port 2 open-circuited Port 1 with port 2 short-circuited Port 2 with port 1 short-circuited In each case measure the voltage and current at the input and output terminals The input voltage is measured by observing the peak to peak value on the scope of the oscilloscope while the output voltage is measured with the digital meter. Tabulate the results in Table 1. (all the values measured should be in rms) Figure 8: The resistive network A{DA60CACE-9B44-4522-A111-F57AC9F95897} Setup B: Connect the resistive network as shown in the Figure 9 below. With the network connected in the circuit, apply an identical sinusoidal voltage as in Setup A at: Port 1 with port 2 open-circuited Port 1 with port 2 short-circuited Port 2 with port 1 short-circuited Measure the identical reading as in Setup A in the same way. Tabulate the results in the same Table 1.{0536D217-3D48-4F28-B37B-77F1CB823EEA} Figure 9: The Resistive Network B Cascaded Setup: Connect the networks A and B in cascade as shown in the Figure 10 below. Measure the identical parameters with the identical voltage and applying the voltage at the same positions as was done in the previous two setups AA Two Port Network Biology Essay
Purdue University Amnesty and Immigration Argumentative Essay
help writing Purdue University Amnesty and Immigration Argumentative Essay.
MLA | Argumentative Essay | 3 pages, Double spaced – 900 wordsThe prompt for this essay is about immigration – I want to write about amnesty and how i support it and have facts and evidence on it, i would also need a work cited page.This is how he would like it written if you could use that to write it it is for my little cousin so the name would beTyler Sinawi.[TYPE YOUR FIRST AND LAST NAME HERE]November 21, 2020Block [TYPE YOUR BLOCK NUMBER HERE]Geography, Mr. Martinez[YOUR TITLE WILL EVENTUALLY GO HERE][TYPE YOUR ESSAY INTRO HERE]. [TYPE YOUR “BRIDGE” HERE]. [TYPE YOUR MAIN CLAIM HERE].[TYPE YOUR FIRST PARAGRAPH SUBCLAIM HERE]. [TYPE YOUR FIRST EVIDENCE SENTENCE HERE]. [TYPE YOUR FIRST ANALYSIS SENTENCE HERE FOR THE PREVIOUS EVIDENCE SENTENCE]. [TYPE YOUR SECOND ANALYSIS SENTENCE HERE FOR THE PREVIOUS EVIDENCE SENTENCE]. [TYPE YOUR SECOND EVIDENCE SENTENCE HERE]. [TYPE YOUR FIRST ANALYSIS SENTENCE HERE FOR THE PREVIOUS EVIDENCE SENTENCE]. [TYPE YOUR SECOND ANALYSIS SENTENCE HERE FOR THE PREVIOUS EVIDENCE SENTENCE]. [TYPE YOUR REPHRASED SUBCLAIM HERE (a.k.a., CONCLUDING SENTENCE)].[TYPE YOUR SECOND PARAGRAPH SUBCLAIM HERE]. [TYPE YOUR FIRST EVIDENCE SENTENCE HERE]. [TYPE YOUR FIRST ANALYSIS SENTENCE HERE FOR THE PREVIOUS EVIDENCE SENTENCE]. [TYPE YOUR SECOND ANALYSIS SENTENCE HERE FOR THE PREVIOUS EVIDENCE SENTENCE]. [TYPE YOUR SECOND EVIDENCE SENTENCE HERE]. [TYPE YOUR FIRST ANALYSIS SENTENCE HERE FOR THE PREVIOUS EVIDENCE SENTENCE]. [TYPE YOUR SECOND ANALYSIS SENTENCE HERE FOR THE PREVIOUS EVIDENCE SENTENCE]. [TYPE YOUR REPHRASED SUBCLAIM HERE (aka, CONCLUDING SENTENCE)].[TYPE YOUR REPHRASED MAIN CLAIM HERE]. [TYPE YOUR BROAD STATEMENT HERE]. [TYPE YOUR “SO WHAT” STATEMENT HERE].
Purdue University Amnesty and Immigration Argumentative Essay
What do I do with the-3 exponent in the problem
What do I do with the-3 exponent in the problem.
a=-2 b=4What do I do with the -3 exponent in the problem? (14−a0 b2 ) −3
What do I do with the-3 exponent in the problem
NAFTA Rewrite Case Study
NAFTA Rewrite Case Study.
SUMMARY: Mexico made concessions on cars, while Canada made concessions on cheese to pave the way for a new regional trade agreement between the United States, Mexico and Canada. After President Donald Trump’s threat to move ahead with a revised agreement with Mexico but without Canada, it left Canada only a few days to negotiate a new trade deal. Canada’s key negotiator was given advice by her Mexican counterpart to offer a critical concession to break the logjam with the United States. After presenting detailed plans for easing curbs on American milk and cheese products, Canada and the United States engaged in several days of nearly round-the-clock negotiations to reach Mr. Trump’s negotiation deadline. The result was the new U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). The member countries recently signed the new pact, but it still requires ratification by legislators in all three countries before it can take effect.QUESTIONS: What concessions did Mexico and Canada need to offer to reach an agreement with the United States to replace Nafta?What challenges exist for the USMCA to be ratified and go into effect?Should Mexico and Canada have offered the concessions that they did to renegotiate Nafta? Explain your position.The U.S. goal of increasing local content requirement percentages and adding a requirement that a certain amount of content has to be performed by high-cost labor in the automotive industry in USMCA is to bring automotive jobs back to the United States. Do you think these requirements will achieve this goal? Explain your point of view.
NAFTA Rewrite Case Study