Is It All Good and True?. I don’t understand this Science question and need help to study.
As technology and scientific methodology evolve, concerns about good or valid science or flawed science alsoevolve. New methodologies and scientific processes must be carefully evaluated to prove validity. Someprocesses never attain their hype, some initially appear valid but evolving technology and science later disprovethem, while other processes never existed and were simply a dramatic plot twist. It is difficult for the averageperson to tell the difference.Prior to beginning work on this assignment, please review the following:• From the text:◦ Chapter 1: Forensic Science and Criminalistics◦ Chapter 2: Crime Scene Processing and Analysis and Forensic Technologies• The videos:◦ All About Forensic Science◾ Segment 1. What Is Forensic Science 05:04◾ Segment 2. Busting TV Stereotypes 04:32◦ Burned: Three Alleged Arson Cases Investigated◦ Flawed Forensics: The System With Joe Berlinger• From the free PDF copy at the web page Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A PathForward (https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12589/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-pathforward)◦ Introduction◦ Findings and Recommendations• The web pages:◦ Choosing a Career (https://www.aafs.org/home-page/students/choosing-a-career/)◦ Crime Scene Investigation (https://www.nfstc.org/products/crime-scene-investigation-guide/)◦ CSI Effect Theory: Strategies and Views (http://projects.nfstc.org/csieffect/index.html)• The article Peer Review in Forensic Science• These Ashford Library modules:◦ Evaluating Web Resources: Why It’s Important and What to Look for(https://onedrive.live.com/embed?cid=52CEE421F3DD799D&resid=52cee421f3dd799d!123&authkey=ACMdEXqpFsUl1z4&em=2&wdAr=1.3333333333333333)◦ Evaluating Sources (https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/420d54f6-c10c-4395-b5cc-6ec62a958837/1/Evaluating%20Sources.zip/story_html5.html)Scientific evidence must be evaluated by forensic experts through a peer review process, which the courts oftenrely on to determine validity of scientific methods. Similarly, you must carefully evaluate the validity of thematerial supporting your work. For this assignment, you must use at least three Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, andOther Credible Sources (https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/e5359309-7d3c-4a21-a410-44d59303ccef/1/Scholarly%20Peer-Reviewed%20and%20Other%20Credible%20Sources.pdf) in addition to thecourse text. You may also want to review the recommended resources, which may further support your work onthis written assignment.In your paper, address the following:• Evaluate the evolution of forensic science.• Identify examples of scientific methods that have been disproven.• Explain the peer review process.• Compare and contrast common perceptions to the realities of forensic science.• Explain the CSI effect.• Evaluate what impact the CSI effect has or does not have on the forensic field and the criminal justicesystem.• Evaluate the impact of junk science, real or perceived, on the forensic field and criminal justice.The Is All Good and True? paper• Must be 750 words in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA styleas outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s APA Style (http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/apa-style)• Must include a separate title page with the following:◦ Title of paper◦ Student’s name◦ Course name and number◦ Instructor’s name◦ Date submittedFor further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Word 2013(http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/apa-formatting-word-2013) .• Must utilize academic voice. See the Academic Voice (http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/academic-voice)resource for additional guidance.• Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Your introduction paragraph needs to end with aclear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.◦ For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/introductionsconclusions)as well as Writing a Thesis Statement (http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/writing-a-thesis) ,refer to the Ashford Writing Center resources.• Must use at least three scholarly, peer-reviewed, and/or credible sources in addition to the course text.◦ The Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources(https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/e5359309-7d3c-4a21-a410-44d59303ccef/1/Scholarly%20Peer-Reviewed%20and%20Other%20Credible%20Sources.pdf) table offersadditional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source isappropriate for this assignment, please contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about theappropriateness of a specific source for a particular assignment.◦ To assist you in completing the research required for this assignment, view this Ashford UniversityLibrary Quick ‘n’ Dirty(https://ashford.mediaspace.kaltura.com/media/Ashford+University+Library+Quick+%27n%27+Dirty/0_bcsbcjee)tutorial, which introduces the Ashford University Library and the research process, and provides somelibrary search tips.• Must document any information used from sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’sCiting Within Your Paper (http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/citing-within-your-paper)• Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the AshfordWriting Center. See the Formatting Your References List (http://writingcenter.ashford.edu/format-yourreference-list) resource in the Ashford Writing Center for specifications.Consider using the “Q” program to conduct your research. Searching for an article from the Ashford Library using“Q”*Note: To install and access “Q” see Q for Success and the Guide to Installing and Using Q for Success(https://content.bridgepointeducation.com/curriculum/file/dd00f749-7449-469c-9bd3-1e6e269bd895/1/Guide%20to%20Installing%20and%20Using%20Q%20for%20Success.pdf)• Once in the Q program, type in specific search terms to search for library sources on your topic.• Click on Source to help narrow your search by type of source or database.Carefully review the Grading Rubric (http://au.waypointoutcomes.com/assessment/25745/preview) for thecriteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Is It All Good and True?
Nova Southeastern University Leadership Skills Research Paper.
Each student will choose a Leadership Skill that he or she would like to improve. Write a 5 page report (less than 5 pages will not be accepted).First, you will research the leadership skill and write a minimum of 1 page presenting the literature of the skill. Next, you will provide a rationale for choosing to work on this particular skill, the plan to improve yourself in this area, your efforts over at least a 2 week period of time to build skills in this area, your results,and your expectations of using this skill in the future. A minimum of 4 scholarly references should be included to indicate the research.
Nova Southeastern University Leadership Skills Research Paper
Introduction The level of investments a business undertakes today determines how far into the future the business goes, and its future worth. Management of business finances is the most important factor and contributor in the determination of how long a business survives. The capital structure of the business and how well the business deals with agency theory problems help in the maximization of business welfare. Given that businesses are driven by the profit-making motive, it is the role of the management to maximize such profits. Financial Management Costs should be the minimum possible – given the desired level of output, while profits should be the maximum possible – given the input mix. However, attaining this would require consideration of further operations of the business. The business may incorporate stock or shareholders, whose welfare should be put among the interests of the business. Shareholders’ wealth must be maximized in line with the profitability of the business. For the business to effectively remain in balance, the two concepts need to be brought together, and their relationship brought into a balance to avoid catastrophic eventualities in the business operations and its entire cycle. Business investments are long-term in nature and therefore such a cycle is a series of years that the business is expected to be in operation. Managing Capital Structure The capital structure of a business refers to the finances available to a particular business at a given point in time, and the way the finances are categorized. Business capital commonly occurs in two forms: debt and equity. Debt refers to the funds the business borrows at a cost, while equity refers to the funds obtained from the shareholders of the business and the capital initially put into the investment. Management of the two is vital to the survival of the business because proper and effective management guarantees maximization of the business’s wealth (Adizes, 2004). Therefore, the following paragraphs evaluate the need to mage capital structure effectively in maximizing the wealth of business organizations. Economic Condition of the Business The debt and equity portfolio of a business are important in determining the economic status of the business. Demand for capital and its supply in the economy affects businesses directly. When the cost of borrowing is high, businesses access to credit at expensive charges. Baeyens and Manigaart (2003) assert that the willingness to go into debt significantly goes down and hence, investment into the business reduces. This results from the fact that it becomes hard for investors to take on investments at high-interest rates in case their investments were to be financed on credit. Therefore, a firm should have strong equity, and finance operations on equity to survive the effects of investment discrepancy. Effective management of the capital structure of the business would ensure that the series of inconsistencies that would result from the high-interest rates are minimized. On the other hand, if interest rates are low, credit access would be relatively cheaper. Investments would shoot up from both new investors and the investments of the business itself. From the above, the economic condition of a business is an important aspect of the operations of the business. It should be kept on the right track to avoid irregular fluctuations in the business cycle. The capital structure chosen should be one that assesses a balance between debt and equity and maintains a long term balance on the two (Kayhan and Titman, 2004). Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More The Market Share The percentage of the population associated with a particular business constitutes its market share. The higher the market share, the better the position of the business, and vice versa. Capital structure management is essential in determining the level of an organization’s market share. The more stable the business is, the larger the pool of the population it attracts. However, other key factors affect the market share of a business. These factors include product pricing, quality of the product, branding and packaging, advertisement, and availability of the product (Michelacci and Suarez, 2004). All the factors that determine the market share of a business affect the costs. A business would require funds control of all the factors listed above. Again, the capital structure and its management come into the spotlight. Effective management of the capital structure would ensure that a business meets the costs of maximizing its market share and thus, maximizing its revenues. High revenues increase the profitability of the business. Consequently, the business stands at better grounds of maximizing its wealth at that time. The market share of the business is also affected by the market condition in the economy: return on investment varies with changes in the interest rate in the economy. Low rates of return on investment discourage investments, while high rates of return attract investors. Hayne (1998) recommends that businesses should offer competitive returns on investments in their operations. For a given business to be able to do and achieve this, its capital management needs to be effective. Operational Condition of the Business Businesses are run on working capital in their day to day operations, but fixed costs and variable costs are also involved in the operations. Daily operational costs of the business need to be observed, as this would help in monitoring and practicing cost minimization measures. High fixed costs are not favorable for any business. They increase the cost of production when they are expected to yield no return at the same time. This is because fixed costs are incurred, whether the businesses are producing or not. Again, variable costs adjust with changes in the level of production. An extra variable cost incurred is expected to produce revenue, unlike fixed costs. Thus, the operational condition of the company in terms of costs depends on how well the capital is managed (Stultz, 2000). Business risk also falls under the operations category. An increase in competition and slow growth of the business depends on its operations. These two could be a result of high fixed costs. An increase in fixed costs in the business would result from high debts incurred by the business. The condition of repayment of debts in most cases poses a financial risk to the business, especially if capital management measures are not strong and effective (Myers and Nicholas, 1984). Stock Capital Issuing of the stock is an important step to make in managing capital and hence, costs of operations are due to fall significantly. This is because there would be no fixed payments to be made to investors in the business. Only dividend earning are made on stock issued. Another important aspect is that this kind of security does not mature. As a result, the invested capital is not repaid, and its impact on the business is welcome. In general, the business improves its creditworthiness (Stewart, 1999). We will write a custom Essay on Successful Business Finance Management’ Factors specifically for you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Debt Capital Businesses rarely operate on stock capital only despite the advantages accrued from it. Firms mostly get into debt to finance their operations because debt financing has its advantages as well. Paid interests are tax-deductible according to the law of the firms that govern corporate entities. That is not all; the cost of debt is usually fixed and the principal amount invested does not change. Stability in business operations is maintained by this fact. Returns on investment based on debt capital are always relatively lower than the stock. This gives the business a greater incentive to use debt financing since there are benefits that come with it. However, this would face out the fact that businesses also require stock capital. It is the role of the management to maintain a portfolio of the two in the business because it greatly determines the extent to which a business achieves maximization of its wealth (Stewart, 1999). Problems of Agency Theory Agency relationships result when the top management employs a different party called an agent to whom decision making authorities are delegated. In business, an agency relationship is evident between managers and stockholders (shareholders), and between stockholders and debt holders (Bamberg and Klaus, 1987). These relationships are from time to time characterized by conflicts of interests between the parties. When this happens, an agency theory problem arises. This is a conflict between the employed agents and the management, which is also called the principal in the agency theory. These conflicts constitute agency theory problems. Principal’s and Agent’s Self-interest Behavior This problem arises when either of the party seeks to maximize its benefits from the business at the expense of the other. Drawing from the agency theory, managers seek to maximize their utility, given imperfect labor and capital market (Marshall and Heffes, 2004). The managers are always in a better position to do this because of the information asymmetry that exists between the managers and the shareholders in the business. The principals can act for their interests rather than that of the organization because they always have first-hand information on whether they are in a position to meet the expectations of the shareholders or not (Stultz, 2000). Sometimes, businesses are characterized by uncertainty. However, managers are always in a better position to make a sound prediction based on the flow of events in a period shortly before uncertainty arises. Managers also use corporate resources for their purposes owing to the uncertainty in the sector, where risk lover’s managers invest in relatively risky securities using corporate funds. Another way that managers take advantage of the shareholders is by ignoring investment opportunities that are profitable to the business, citing that risks involved would affect the business negatively (Shankman 1999); this is mostly done by risk-averse managers. Such profitable investments maximize the welfare of the shareholders. If the shareholders are denied a chance to do so, a conflict is expected to arise. Agency Costs This is another problem of agency theory. Agency costs are the expenses incurred by the shareholders to provide an incentive to the managers to act on their interests. These costs are mainly aimed at influencing managers to shift their attention to the stockholders and minimize their efforts on their self-interest gains. Agency costs occur in the form of bonuses that the shareholders grant to the managers (Bamberg and Klaus, 1987). Additionally, agency costs are divided into three types. First, costs of monitoring managerial activities: these costs relate to the expenses incurred in carrying out an audit on the books of account. Such costs are derived by the shareholder who initiates the process. Auditing tends to relate the purported report on the use and generation of funds in the business with what is recorded. Any misrepresentation in the accounts seeks the explanation of the management through the department of accounts and finance (Bowie and Freeman, 1992). Not sure if you can write a paper on Successful Business Finance Management’ Factors by yourself? We can help you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second category is the expenditure that accrues from the need to structure the management in a way that limits the occurrence of undesirable behavior. This includes and is limited to appointing external members to the board of directors (Jansen and William, 1976). The final category of expenditure that the shareholders incur is the opportunity cost that shareholders suffer if some decisions are passed by the voting and the result affects their welfare negatively. An opportunity, in this case, arises if the decision that the managers ought to make would have improved shareholders’ wealth maximization (Ang and Lin, 2000). Role of Effective Financial Management in Addressing Agency Theory Problems Managers’ Compensation This financial-based solution of agency problems regards the entire compensation of managers relative to the changes in the stock prices. Impacts of this to the shareholders are maximization of their wealth and at the same time, achieving minimum agency costs. Shareholder wealth maximization is overseen by the managers since the compensation grants them an incentive to do so. Managers now shift their attention from being self-centered to the other extreme of minding the welfare of the stockholders (Stultz, 2000). Shareholders Responsibility Shareholders can take part in administering financial roles in solving agency problems. They can do this by monitoring every action that the managers take (Hayne, 1998). However, this method can be extremely expensive to the shareholders. Shareholders are always driven by the motive of having their welfare maximized. For that reason, they are likely to go for the option that maximizes their wealth. However, if the opportunity cost they would incur is higher when they do not monitor the actions of the managers, then they would prefer to pay the monitoring fee. Consequently, the result still improves their welfare. Though, it is important to note that in the same case, the opposite is true (Stewart, 1999). Compensation for Performance Favorable and efficient solutions to agency problems are the best strategy to use in combating agency problems. This kind of solution has it that compensation is tied to the performance of the managers. This means that compensation is only available to the manager that performs. Compensation for performance is an important attribute in business operations. It reduces the mismanagement of business funds and combats agency problems (Stiglitz, 1974). When managers are compensated for their efforts and consideration of shareholders’ welfare, the compensation provides them with a greater incentive to do so with ease. This follows the fact that they expect to look up to if they act for the benefit of the stockholders (Bowie and Freeman, 1992). Some monitoring should not be left aside, even with compensation that is based on performance. It should be consistent and regular to enhance documentation of changes that managers effectuate in the business and how such changes affect the shareholders (Fama and Michael, 1983). Monitoring and compensation for performance can be backed up by some other mechanisms through which the agency problems can be eradicated. These mechanisms include Interventionism by shareholders directly, where they raise their concerns directly to the managers and air their views and opinions on things they have observed; The threat to fire, where nonperforming managers face the threat of being sacked by the shareholders; and finally, the threat to take over, where shareholders aim at replacing ineffective principals in the management panel (Bamberg and Clause, 1987). Conclusion The fundamental objective of a business is to obtain a capital structure that is optimal for the operations and capacity of the business. An appropriate capital mix is a major long-term driving factor of the business. Such a mix needs to be effectively and efficiently evaluated, and levels of debt and equity to accumulate in the business determined. A capital mix that is right for the business is one that maximizes the welfare of the shareholders, alongside that of the business. At the same time, the pros and cons of the capital mix chosen should be critically evaluated to determine its worth for incorporation into the business. Agency problems on the other hand are better when internalized. Management, control, and eradication of the agency problems ensure benefits at low costs, thereby resulting in positive externalities for the shareholders, managers, and the business. The achievement to choose the right capital mix or input mix for the business makes it easier for the management to project on the prospects of the business, and consequently determine how far the business will be in operation. In essence, long term plans at that point have high chances of success, given that the future is uncertain. References Adizes, I., 2004. Resources for Sustainable Exceptional Performance. New York: Oxford University Press. Ang, J. S. and Lin, J. W., 2000. Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. The Journal of Finance, 55 (1), pp. 81-106. Baeyens, K. and Manigaart, S., 2003. Dynamic Financing Strategies: The Role of Venture Capital. Journal of Private Equity, 7(1), pp. 50-58. Bamberg, G. and Klaus, S., 1987. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Bowie, E. and Freeman, E., 1992. Ethics and Agency Theory: An Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. Fama, E. and Michael, J., 1983. Agency Problems and Residual Claims. Journal of Law and Economics 26 (1983), pp. 327-349. Hayne, E.,1998. Agency Costs, Risk Management, and Capital Structure. Journal of Finance, 53, pp. 1213-1243. Jensen, C. and William, H., 1976. Theory of the Firm, Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs, and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (1976), pp. 305-360. Kayhan, A. and Titman, S., 2004. Firms’ Histories and their Capital Structures. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Marshall, J. and Heffes, E. M., 2004. Smaller Firms Most Vulnerable to Problems. Financial Executive, 20(7), p. 11. Michelacci, C. and Suarez, J., 2004. Business Creation and the Stock Market. Review of Economic Studies, 71(2), pp. 459-482. Myers, S. and Nicholas, M., 1984. Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13 (June 1984), 187-221. Shankman, N. A., 1999. Reframing the Debate between Agency and Stakeholder: Theories of the Firm. New York: Harper Business. Stewart, G. B., 1999. The Quest for Value – A Guide for Senior Managers. New York: Harper Business. Stiglitz, J., 1974. On the Irrelevance of Corporate Financial Policy. The American Economic Review, 64(6), pp.851-867. Stultz, R. M., 2000. Financial Structure, Corporate Finance and Economic Growth. International Review of Finance, 1, pp. 11-40.
CMIT 350 UofM IP Core Protection & Hardware Assisted Security Proposal.
Hi I need assistance with the second part of the project and the third part of the project. For the second project it requires needs the older version of Packet Tracer Program. I tried attaching it below but the file it too large. The professor explained the project couldn’t be unzipped because it was on version 7.3 instead of 6.3 and you would have to use guest login. The final assignment, summarize the site requirements and/or any challenges (changes to the topology as you detailed in Assignments 1 and 2) you are attempting to overcome. You should also provide an updated overall site topology based on your design.This solution should be comprehensive, and the approach should be justified. Configurations of technologies should be written out to help guide the systems administrators with implementation. In some cases, you may find it necessary to implement additional cabling, which can be done by adding to the supplied topology. Any adjustments to the sites’ topology should be documented and supplied with your submission.
CMIT 350 UofM IP Core Protection & Hardware Assisted Security Proposal
Level Three Verbal message and non Verbal message
Level Three Verbal message and non Verbal message.
Re-watch the movie from your Communication Practicum Project then
select three 10 minute scenes (different from the previous week, where
you looked at listening) and evaluate one 10 minute scene and focus on
the Verbal Messages. Then focus on the second 10 minute scene and focus
on the Non-Verbal Messages. Finally, evaluate the third scene and
compare and contract Verbal Messages vs. Non-Verbal Messages.Use the following hints to help you organize your work: Briefly describe the scene, the characters and the situation.Using quotes from the movie, analyze the language used. Use material from the book to help you break down the use of language.Evaluate the body language, or non-verbal communication from the
characters. Utilize at least 3 non-verbal elements from the reading.Cite each element, and then explain how the non-verbal behavior was either effective or ineffective. MY MOVIES IS FOREST GUMP.
Level Three Verbal message and non Verbal message
Abraham Lincoln University Organizational Leadership Research Paper
essay helper free Abraham Lincoln University Organizational Leadership Research Paper.
Remark: Students are advised to read all instructions before writing the assignment.Learning outcomes to be covered by this assignment:LO1Students will be able to understand the various research methods used to study employees’ issues.LO2Students will be able to define the general concepts and principles of Industrial/Organizational PsychologyLO3Students will be able to explain the concept related to employee recruitment, selection and placement.LO4Students will be able to demonstrate the employee training and development.Scope of the AssignmentThis assignment aims to help students to review various articles, journals and researches in Industrial Psychology. Students are expected to use their critical thinking and communicate in writing their thoughts about the selected research method. This also helps the students to know how to search good information from various sources such as internet or through library sources(proquest).
Abraham Lincoln University Organizational Leadership Research Paper
The Trend Of The Wellness Industry
Introduction There has been a considerable rise in the trend of the Wellness Industry mainly in Asia-Pacific. As Destination Spas are developing in the industry, it seems it is still rather vague as to what the future holds for this particular sector. The rising awareness of people towards personal health and growth is creating a demand for a service role that is currently evolving to cater to the demands of this progressing market trend. This study will investigate possible outcomes for destinations spas, Mandala Spa, in the designated geographical area. Background The globalization of wellness products such as Spas are increasing and evolving, whereas the philosophies and traditions of the eastern culture are penetrating the western context and vise versa. These spas are growing by incorporating physical, emotional and spiritual activities coupled with the pop psychology that mixes more esoteric practices to raise the level of mental wellness. (Smith and Puczko, 2008) Wellness is defined as ‘The multidimensional state of being “well”, where inner and outer worlds are in harmony: a heightened state of consciousness enabling you to be fully present in the moment and respond authentically to any situation from the “deep inner well of your being”. Wellness is an ever-evolving journey to a heightened awakening of the consciousness and working towards a fitter state in regards to the physical, mental and emotional sense of wellbeing, thus helping an individual to further experience life to its fullest with the greatest longevity. (Bodecker and Cohen, 2008) Figure 1: The Expanded Wellness Model Source: Mueller and Kaufmann 2001 p.6 Overview of the Wellness Industry A considerable amount of visitors going to modern day health and wellness centers are mostly not aware of the historical and cultural backgrounds of the treatments they experience. It would be not so far fetched to say that these visitors have not realized that the Ayurvedic practices from India date back as far as 5000 BC, or that the current make-up brands that women are using these days hold similar cosmetic traits to those used my the Egyptian women in 3000 BC. The earliest recorded documentation of Chinese medicinal methods date back to 1000 BC, however in Western societies Chinese medical methods are regarded as exotic and somewhat new in their perception. According to a study made by the Spa Research Fellowship, the earliest reference to so called magical healing waters is 1700 BC and as the classic physician and philosopher of the Hellenistic age, Hippocrates, once said that “…water is still, after all, the best.” (Health
Public Administration: Anthony Downs, Aaron Wildavsky and Herbert Kaufman Critical Essay
Public Administration: Anthony Downs, Aaron Wildavsky and Herbert Kaufman Critical Essay. Introduction In the late 1960s, people revealed their dissatisfaction with the government and the US policies. There was certain distrust as people did not believe in the government efficiency. Public administration theorists came up with ideas on increasing efficiency of the government. It is possible to note that the most remarkable theorists of that period were Anthony Downs, Aaron Wildavsky and Herbert Kaufman. Anthony Downs Admittedly, to improve efficiency of an organization it is vital to understand the way the organization develops. Downs described the life cycle of bureaus in detail. Thus, according to the theorist, bureaus are created to address an issue or a set of issues (ShafritzPublic Administration: Anthony Downs, Aaron Wildavsky and Herbert Kaufman Critical Essay