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History of Welfare in Ireland: Poor Law and Beveridge Report

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This paper will briefly outline the development of social service provision in Ireland from 1922 to the present day, highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that have played a significant role in the shaping of this welfare approach known as ‘residual welfare’. For a variety of reasons such as economic growth, different political parties and differing welfare system options, UK’s welfare state has gained much crisis discussion. Residual welfare is not a universal welfare model; rather it is a system aimed at providing provision for those specific individuals in society that need and fit certain criteria, generally defined as ‘the poor’. Within residual welfare systems, welfare provision is considered to be a safety net, available only to those defined within the policy context as most in need, usually when the market or family has failed. According to Titmuss’ framework from 1974, Britain represents the ‘individual welfare system’ where there is a limited function of state welfare. Universal welfare is based upon the premise that welfare services are accessible to everyone, usually determined on the basis of citizenship within a nation state. The difficulty with this system is that it can be costly. Therefore, a residual system is aiming to reduce those costs by apportioning provisions to only those who need them. (Mau 2001, pp. 5-9; Titmuss, R 1974, p.20). It is helpful to acknowledge that welfare is an ambiguous term which can cause discrepancies between individuals and agencies when looking at welfare needs and services. Some individuals expect a return for any contribution they make to a social system whereas other are content with knowing the system is there for those that need it and that might not necessarily include themself. There is a strong belief that the system should be a premium-benefit one, where the current financiers will one day be the future users. It can also open the question of who it should be available to, how long, should they pay and are they deserving? Welfare is generally used in three main senses, the first referring to a person’s refers to general ‘well-being’. Of course, well-being is another term that can mean different things to different people. From a sociological framework, it generally means having access to basic needs such as shelter and food, but it does go beyond simply needs; to achieve well being, people must have choices, and the scope to choose personal goals and ambitions. Welfare also refers to the range of services available to look after people in a number of conditions throughout their life, for example childhood, sickness and old age. (Mau 2001, pp. 4-6). Historically, the model of welfare which has been the most dominant model in English-speaking countries is known as ‘residual welfare’ which stemmed from Poor Law (1598-1948). Poor Law was first implemented in 1598 and continued until 1948. This Elizabethan method aimed at providing three central aspects, a compulsory poor rate, the creation of ‘overseers’ of relief and the provision for ‘setting the poor on work’. It provided discretionary payments to individuals assessed as being in need. It was a harsh law aimed at providing the bare minimum an individual would need to survive in the aim that people would rely upon it for existence, creating a dependence upon social security which would result in a negative image of public support. It aimed to control and discipline the poor and in some ways punch by providing support that was below the lowest wage, a principle known as ‘lowest eligibility’. This law continued to be important in the delivery of many means-tested benefits until the last two decades of the twentieth century. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8; Williams 1989, pp. 150-4). Following on this movement in Britain’s welfare system, Mau (2001) stated that on some levels, a welfare state can help to repair social divisions or at least ‘to mitigate social inequalities; not only in terms of material inequalities, but also in ideological and political terms.’ Thus the Beveridge Report from 1942 proposed a system of National Insurance, based on three ‘assumptions’, family allowances, a national health service, and lastly full employment. It was written by Sir William Beveridge, a highly respected economist and expert on unemployment problems. Opinion polls reported that the majority of the British public welcomed the report’s findings and wished to see them implemented as quickly as possible, seemingly relieved at the possibility of a less harsh social system than the Poor Law. The first post-war election, in June 1945, resulted in a victory for the Labour Party, devout promoters of the Beveridge Report. It quickly became the blueprint for the modern British welfare state, even being referred to as ‘by any measure a landmark’. (Alcock 2003, p. 24-8; Williams 1989, pp. 150-4; Historic Figures. William Beveridge, 23rd February 2007). The Beveridge Report aimed to provide a expansive system of social insurance for an individual’s whole life. Here we have the induction of the ‘residual model’ that still exists to a degree in Ireland. It proposed that all working people should pay a weekly contribution to the state, in other words, tax. In return, benefits would be paid to the unemployed, the sick, the retired and the widowed, those who needed it. Beveridge wanted to ensure that there was an acceptable minimum standard of living in Britain below which nobody fell, very different to the aims of Poor Law. (Alcock 2003, p. 6; Mau 2001, p. 3; Schifferes, S, 26 July 2005). Changes in the welfare system have continued to the present day, post 1948, the key elements of Ireland’s welfare state have remained focused upon social security, health, housing, education and children. The ‘Welfare State’ was not intended to respond to poverty; that was what the Poor Law had aimed to, rather its main purpose was to encourage the provision of the social services on the same basis as the public services, including medical services, roads, libraries, local community needs. In other words, it aimed to create an ‘institutional’ model of welfare. (Mau 2001, pp. 3-5; ). This paper has aimed to briefly illustrate the changes in Ireland’s welfare system highlighting several factors such as the Poor Law (1598-1948) and The Beveridge Report (1942) that have played a significant role in the shaping of this welfare approach known as ‘residual welfare’, a system, aimed to be available if and when an individual needs its services.The development and implication of welfare provision in Britain is a lengthy and complicated issue, therefore this paper aimed to provide a brief summary of some of the key events leading to its present situation known as a ‘residual welfare system’. Bibliography Alcock, P. 2003. 2nd Edition. Social Policy in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire. Esping-Anderson, G 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Polity Press, Oxford. Mau, S 2001. Patterns of Popular Support for the Welfare State. A Comparison of the United Kingdom and Germany. Social Research Center, Berlin. Offe, C 1987. Democracy against the Welfare State? Structural Foundations of Neoconservative Political Opportunities. In Political Theory, Vol.15, No 4, November, pp. 501-537). Page, R

Oakland University Management Research Paper

Oakland University Management Research Paper.

PART1. Diagnostic Model AnalysisLeaders and managers use diagnostic models to understand the magnitude of change and the processes and systems that may be impacted.After a diagnostic model is used to assess the magnitude of change and how the organization will be impacted, change strategies can then be determined. An analogy can be made to the diagnosis of an illness. Think about the patient who comes to the doctor with a sore throat. The doctor runs a battery of tests indicating that a streptococcus infection exists, for example. The diagnosis has been made and a strong antibiotic is prescribed. Similarly, managers may use a diagnostic model as a doctor uses tests—to make a diagnosis and select strategies accordingly.Select a diagnostic model identified in the Module 4 lecture or a model of your choice. Write an essay that:Identifies the model.Describes the components of the model and their relationship to each other.Assesses whether the diagnostic model you chose is appropriate for all or any of the types of changes discussed in Module 3.The length and formatting requirements are as follows:Your paper must be 4-5 pages in length with a detailed conclusion, excluding the cover and references pages. PART 2. Moneyball (Exercise 8.3)Read the “Moneyball” case study in the Managing Organizational Change textbook. Write an essay that thoroughly addresses the following:Describe sabermetrics and its history in baseball.Determine the causes for the continued resistance to sabermetrics.Decide which tactics you would use to overcome the resistance to this approach for recruiting talent.Discuss the lessons you take from this experience concerning the nature of resistance to change and how to overcome it.The length and formatting requirements are as follows:Your paper must be 4-5 pages in length with 4credible sources including textbook.BOOKManaging Organizational Change: A Multiple Perspectives ApproachIan Palmer
Oakland University Management Research Paper

MSN 5600L Miami Regional University Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Presentation

order essay cheap MSN 5600L Miami Regional University Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Presentation.

Diagnosis, Symptom and Illness Management Presentations (20 Points) Pick a Topic from the list of Diseases discussed weeks 11-15. ( Pelvic Inflammatory Disease) You are to do a PowerPoint presentation using the following headings below. Present a typical patient with this disease process and how they would present to the office and how you would work up, diagnose, and treat. Pictures and or other visual media are encouraged. You will be graded on professionalism and content.Minimum of 15, Maximum of 20 slides.Slides must be colorful and professional, use of pictures, charts, graphs, and other enhancements to make the presentation better are encouraged. ( No slide transition animations please) All presentations will be submitted into Turn it in, so please make sure that all work is of your own, no recycling past student presentations or copy-paste from the internet should be allowed and it will be considered an academic dishonesty.Presentations must include a Slides with the following information.· TITLE (slide 1) · DESCRIPTION (Patient information) (slide 2 etc.. and so on)· EPIDEMIOLOGY· ETIOLOGY· RISK FACTORS· ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS· HISTORY· PHYSICAL EXAM· DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS· TESTS· TREATMENT· PROGNOSIS· REFERENCES
MSN 5600L Miami Regional University Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Presentation

Academy College Bank Cash Book Evaluation Worksheet

Academy College Bank Cash Book Evaluation Worksheet.

A business’s cash book as at 31 October 2020 had a debit balance of $4,340. On the same date, the bank statement had a credit balance of $3,880. After checking the cash book against the bank statement, the following differences were discovered:(a) The bank had paid a standing order for rental expense of $1,200.(b) The bank had received by credit transfer the sum of $960 due to the business from Alpha Ltd.(c) A cheque issued to supplier for $1,720 had not been presented for payment.(d) $940 cheque deposited by the business on 30 October 2020 did not appear in the October bank statement.(e) A cheque for $380 issued by the business to pay utilities bill had been entered wrongly as $830 in the cash book. This was correct on the bank statement.(f) Bank charges $70 had been charged by the bank but unrecorded in the cash book.(g) A cheque for $2,290 banked in had been marked “dishonoured cheque” and “returned to drawer” but no adjustment was made in the cash book.(h) Commission of $910 due to the business had been paid directly into the bankRequired:(a) Bring the cash book up to date. Calculate the updated balance on 31 October 2020 and state whether it is a debit or credit balance.(b) Prepare a statement to reconcile the difference between your amended cash book balance and the balance in the bank statement on 31 October 2020.(c) State the amount of cash at bank to be put into the Statement of Financial Position as at 31 October 2020.(d) Briefly explain why an organisation prepares monthly bank reconciliation.
Academy College Bank Cash Book Evaluation Worksheet

Improvement Of The College Library Education Essay

INTRODUCTION Library is one of the most important parts of the school system. In the library, students continue to undertake learning and self-instruction during their free time. They also use library facilities, books, online and offline collections to do their assignments, reports, researches and other activities. However, with the advent of Internet resources, students now tend to use the Internet rather than library resources. Hence, there is a need to improve the college library based on the needs, preferences, and convenience of the students. This paper aimed to gather opinions and suggestions of the students to improve the college library. The objectives of the study were: To identify what do the students more frequently use for searching information; To determine how often do the students visit or use the library facilities; To check if students get the information they need from the college library; To find out if students believe that the college library needs improvement; and To gather students’ opinions and suggestion on the improvement of the school library? The opinions and suggestions of the students were very useful for updating the contents and improving the system of the library. The results of this research also served as an appeal to the school administration to improve the college library. Specifically, this study answered the following questions: What do the students more frequently use for searching information: Internet or Library? How often do the students visit or use the library facilities? Do they get the information they need from the college library? Do they believe that the college library needs improvement? What are their opinions and suggestion on the improvement of the school library? Literature Review Libraries play important roles in the learning experience of students. It is the library where students obtain continuous learning and self-instruction. The library is expected to give extensive learning experience to the students. This section provides argument for the importance of traditional libraries. Traditional library can be defined as a confined place with a finite collection of tangible information bearing primary and resources such as books, journals, and alternative forms such as images, films, and tapes. It also contains secondary or meta-information like card catalog, various thesauri and references, and other searching tools which reference the library’s primary content (Low, 1996).There are the material resources of the library. These are the available sources of information for the students, faculty and staff. The main roles of libraries include teaching, learning, and research responsibilities. In terms of teaching, library staff has the responsibility to improve and facilitate teaching and instructions of the teaching staff. Libraries also facilitate learning and self-instruction of students. Likewise, this is also true in terms of researching needs of the students and the teaching staff as well (Stover, 2001). Libraries can fulfill teaching, learning, and research responsibilities through reference service, developing an extensive collection, and updating and maintaining this collection. Moreover, the libraries may also seek collaboration with the teaching faculty and other parts of campus community in the process of curriculum development. The library staff also has the responsibility to anticipate and be prepared with intellectual and technological developments that may affect the library in the future (Stover, 2001). Because of these important roles, libraries should be continuously improved. METHODOLOGY This study utilized a qualitative research design to determine the opinions and suggestions of the students concerning the improvement of the college library. The method was survey and suggestion box. Survey method is the appropriate method to be used when gathering opinions of the subjects when high response rate is needed at a short research time. This was necessary for the conduct of this research. The participants of this study were the college students of Bluefiled State College. They were asked to participate in the survey while they were in the library, canteen, or school grounds during their free time. On the other hand, a separate suggestion box especially designed for this study was placed in each section of the library. There was no sampling method implemented and multiple responses were not restricted because this study focused on the content of responses and not on the number of responses. In terms of data analysis and presentation, complete enumeration of responses was done. The scope of the responses covered library use, belief or non-belief of the need to improve the college library, and others based on solely on the perception of the students. The limitation of this study was that the population of the school was not appropriately represented because no sampling was done. However, the study assured voluntary participation which resulted high response rate. The instruments used in this study were suggestion box and self-administered questionnaire. The answer sheet for the suggestion box and the questionnaire were attached as appendix A and appendix B respectively. Analysis A total of 300 responses were gathered from the survey. The participants were gathered from the library, school grounds and other areas within the school where students gather during their free time. In terms of the school level, the breaks down of the respondents were the following: 1st year- 70; 2nd year- 50; 3rd year- 70; 4th year- 80; 5th year- 30. Majority of the respondents expressed more use of Internet rather than library resources in making their assignments and searching for information. Figure 1 shows the break down of responses. Hence, there is a need to improve library resources to encourage them to rely on the college library for their information needs. In spite of using the Internet more often to search for information, many of the respondents still go to the library everyday. Hence, there is still willingness on the part of the students to visit the library and search for information. Figure 2 shows the break down of the responses. However, when asked if they get the information that they need, majority of the respondents answered no. Out of 300 respondents, 170 said that they frequently do not get the information they need from the college library and only 130 said they get useful information from the library. Figure 3 shows the break down of responses. Therefore, failure the undertake the number one role of the college library- to deliver relevant information to the students means that this is a very significant reason to improve the facilities and service of the college library. In accordance to this, almost all of the respondents said that they believe that their college library needs to be improved. Only 40 expressed confidence to their college library and did not believe that rehabilitation of the college library should be done. On the other hand, 260 respondents said that the college library should be rehabilitated to improve performance of the college library. Table 1 shows the suggestions of the respondents for college library improvement from suggestion box and survey questionnaires. The suggestions of the respondents can be classified into four groups: human resources, facilities/services, books, and management. Table 1 Suggestion for College Library Improvement (From Suggestion box and Survey Questionnaire) Human Resources Facilities/Services More librarians more tables and chairs to accommodate more students Trained Librarians library tour for those who need assistance Guards/Guides subscription of online and offline journals Books Management More books better library management Updated books better borrowing and return system More on fiction section Human Resources. Many of the respondents suggested that they need more and trained librarians and guides to assist them in their library experience. They also suggested having guards within the vicinity of the library to provide security. Facilities/services. The students also suggested that they need more tables and chair for increased accommodation facilities of the libraries. They also requested for library tours for those who need it, especially for the freshmen students and subscription of online and offline journals which can be very useful for graduating students for their final research. Books. The students requested for more books of more recent editions on diverse range of topics. Moreover, they also suggested more recent collection for the fictions sections. This suggests that the students still need and are still willing to read books. Library Management. Aside from the material resources and human resources, students also suggested some improvement of the college library based on library management. This concerned book borrowing and return system, and better over all library management. This is in accordance to their request for more trained librarians. Conclusion and Recommendations From the results of the survey, it can be concluded that the students rely more frequently to Internet resources for their information and scholastic needs. The advent of technologies and the rapid development of new ones, especially the Internet have changed the learning and researching behavior of the students- from the traditional library resources to digital or Internet resources. Nevertheless, the students still visit the library on a daily basis to search for the information that they need for scholastic performance and personal knowledge gain. However, most of them do not get the information that they need. Thus, they believe that the college library should be improved. These scenarios should be a calling for the administration and the library management to improve the library’s facilities and services. The students have also stated in this research their suggestions through the survey and suggestion box. Accordingly, this research has the following suggestion for the library management, school administration, and the students. Library Administration Consider the point of view of students because they are the primary users and intended audience of the library and programs to improve it. The effectives of improvement programs will solely depend on the acceptability of the project to the students. Implement comprehensive and effective library management procedures. This will trickle down to better library service from library staff and relevant library experience for the students. School Administration Devote significant part of the school budget for improvement of the school library because library has important roles to teaching, learning, and research which are tantamount to the roles of the school as a whole. Support initiatives of the school library to improve. Students Avail and maximize the use of library’s resources. This can encourage school authorities to improve the college library facilities. Be active in giving suggestions for the improvement of scholastic performance of the school and the college library for that matter.