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Toddlers and Speech Disfluencies Psychology of Language Paper

Toddlers and Speech Disfluencies Psychology of Language Paper.

you will write a news story about a topic we cover in class. You can choose any paper you’d like as a starting point, and then incorporate the findings of at least two other papers that are closely related to the paper but were not on the course syllabus. You should aim this article/story at an audience who is intelligent, but not an expert in the field of psycholinguistics (e.g., a college-educated person who has a major outside of psychology or linguistics).You should introduce the topic – perhaps with a personal anecdote or an interesting hypothetical situation – and capture your reader’s attention.The body of the article/story can take many forms. You should cite at least three primary sources and cover at least one of them in detail (e.g., describe methods/results). One article should be from the syllabus and the other two should relate to the topic and be found on your own through a library search. Read some popular press articles/blogs about cognitive psychology to see how other writers do this and try to mimic the style!Finally, you should give a conclusion that describes the take-home message about the topic and any limitations or places of caution the reader should be aware of (i.e., what would be over-interpretation or over-extension of findings that should be avoided). Aim for 3-4 double-spaced pages of writing and provide a reference section on a separate page in APA formatHere is an example of a blog (Links to an external site.) that does a great job with this sort of writing. These posts are fairly brief, but you can see the sort of style you want to go for here.Here are some tips on writing science for a general audienceand the standard as followed News ArticleCriteriaRatingsPtsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeChoice of topicTopic choice is clear and concise. Topic is based on one paper from the course syllabus.20.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeReferences consulted3+ references that are primary sources are consulted. One reference is from the syllabus while at least two others are not on the syllabus.30.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeAccuracy of findingsDescribes the findings from research articles accurately and in enough detail to be easily followable.30.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWriting styleWriting is for a general audience. Engaging, but still accurate.8.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeReference ListReference list in APA format provided.7.0 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeGrammar/SpellingFree of typos. Writing is clear and grammatical.5.0 ptsTotal Points: 100.0
Toddlers and Speech Disfluencies Psychology of Language Paper

Indian Accounting System And International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting Essay

custom essay Indian Accounting System And International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting Essay. 1. History: The roots of accounting system in India had been evolved in early sixteenth century when India had built trade links with Europe and central Asia. Later, with entry of east India company had made a huge impact on trade and commerce of India. The British raj (rule) states that the accounting and financial practice between India and England was almost similar. Moreover at the time of independence India in 1947, there were some changes in accounting practices to match up to the Indian economy. The accounting practice varies from different small unorganized rural areas and small scale urban industrial sector. In India, large number of businesses is having a conservative outlook and don’t want to disclose any financial information regarding their company due to having fear competitors and maintain privacy (Perumpral, S.E. et al. 2009). 1.1 Significant changes in economy: Indian economy policy has seen an important change in the year 1991, when the government had liberalized the economy for foreign collaborations and investments. Some segments of the public sector which were previously with government were privatized. With this significant change India emerged as a major country in export of industrial and consumer goods, etc. With this first stage of globalization also gave the opportunity to interact with major international organizations like United Nations, the world bank and many more. Still the public sector has an important place in Indian economy as all industries that are manufacturing to serve national defence is with Indian government (Perumpral, S.E. et al. 2009). 2. Current Accounting practice in India: All the accounting practices done by the public and the organized private sector companies are based on the rules of The Companies Act,1956, and in many criteria they are similar to International Accounting Standards. The important amendments in this act which are modified are in the years 1965 and 1969, which introduced the rules and regulations of preparing cost accounts and the cost audit requirements. There have always been research efforts from some organizations to match the changing need of accounting system with rapidly changing economic environment. These organizations include ‘Indian accounting association’, ‘Indian council of social science research’ and ‘Institute of Chartered Accountants of India’ (ICAI). Besides all these organizations there is always been a cultural and political influence on Indian accounting practices (Perumpral, S.E. et al. 2009). 2.1 RoIe of ICAI: Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is a legal body came into existence under chartered accountants act of 1949 (more specifically Act no. XXXVIII of 1949), with the purpose for regulating the chartered accountants profession in India. As being a long existence in Indian economy ICAI has made it’s recognition as a leading accounting body because of it’s contribution in maintaining high accounting, auditing, providing education and setting up of ethical standards. Until now ICAI has issued 32 different standards (ICAI, 2010). ICAI has again brought a significant change by introducing The Accounting Standard Board (ASB) in 1977, to harmonize diverse accounting practices of India and to bring them together to a common platform with the global practices (Shankaraiah, K. and Rao, D. N., 2004). 3. Harmonization of standards: Accounting standards deals with measuring system and contains rules for preparing and presenting financial statements. Under the global business environment there is need to develop a common accounting language that can be spoken and understood by all companies throughout the world. The financial reporting system should be of a global standard to attract foreign companies and also to access to more home investors; these all can be possible by harmonization of accounting standard. The goal behind setting standard is that they help in bringing uniformity in financial reporting and also makes it more comparable and consistent (Bharathan, V., 2005). 3.1 Issues with divergent accounting practices: Accounting differences causes problem in valuation and thus in the decision making process. It also puts additional costs of financial reporting and leads to difficulties for multinational companies in interpreting transactions. For example, By the end of the financial period in 1994, British telecom according to UK GAAP accounted a net profit of £1767, but under the rules of US GAAP it reduced to £1476. These qualitative differences can only be eliminated using internationally accepted single set of standards (Bharathan, V., 2005). 4. Criticisms to current Indian accounting standard: There are some criticisms to Indian accounting standards as, that they are very broadly based and general that gives chance to use similar accounting methods for similar events. For example, the accounting for expenses which are incurred under a scheme called voluntary retirement scheme, in which one can use the different methods ranging from present value amortization of future pension to pay as you go method. Another reason for divergent accounting practices in India is lack of coordination between companies act 1956 of India, income tax act 1961 provisions and accounting standard. Though in India at present, ICAI sets the accounting standard but in the process of preparing standards one could easily see the lack of interest by company legislation in the planning of accounting rules. This resulted in several gaps in requirement of company law concerning financial statements like earning per share, mergers, future cash flow information etc. (Bharathan, V., 2005). Before the period of 1990’s, Indian companies were not concerned towards corporate governance. In that period the companies, investors suffered from weak system with poor disclosure practices, lack of transparency but, that condition had started improving after the process of liberalization. The conditions further improved with the establishment of a committee on corporate governance by “Securities and exchange board of India” (SEBI) to raise the standard of governance of all the companies (Rajagopalan, R., 2003). 4.1 Why global accounting standard?: According to IIM professor Mr. R.Narayanaswamy, in such developing stage where, Indian businesses are becoming global in their operations there is an important need to adopt global accounting standard and to overcome existing financial criticisms. The reason for adoption of such global standards as because of their quality, transparency and acceptability make them internationally recognized. By these global standards Indian companies can communicate more cost efficiently with other countries. Mr. Narayanaswamy also concerns about being ineffective monitoring of reporting entities. According to him, SEBI lacks in recruiting the kind technical staff they require. Another issue is that there is no standard which serves to business combinations, the one AS 14 which is there- only deals with amalgamation, but many businesses come in contact by inter-company investments. The standards relating to revenue recognition, presentation of financial statements and many more are outdated and there is need to be reworked on them (Narayanaswamy, R., 2007). 5. IFRS: Is the accounting framework which are being set by standard setting private sector body, international accounting standard boards(IASB), which replaced IASC foundation in 2001 (IASB, 2010). 5.1 Adoption of IFRS: Indian government and ICAI has decided to fully converge with international financial reporting standards (IFRS) and will be functional from April 1,2011. The president of ICAI Ved Jain said, that the decision of following a common accounting standard is to help the investors who are seeking an opportunity to invest in different geographical areas as well. Currently more than 110 countries including china which have adopted IFRS practice. Also there many more countries like Japan, Canada which will start follow it soon (Financial Express, 2008). Budgets are being passed every year without meaningful discussions on important issues because of different views of different members. Only small amount of voices come up on that issues and yet they are being forced down (ICAI, 2009). 5.2 Benefits of adopting IFRS: Adoption of IFRS will enable the Indian companies to have more easily access to international capital markets because many stock exchanges require or permit IFRS certified accounts. Currently, to list the securities abroad Indian companies have to prepare another set of financial statements that are acceptable in the following country. IFRS will remove this requirement of preparing dual financial statements and thus reduces the cost of raising capital which was earlier costly form foreign markets. Preparation of financial statements according to IFRS will increase comparability and also enable foreign companies to develop more thorough understanding of financial statements of Indian companies. Besides the companies, the accountants of India will also gain more knowledge and experience in working with IFRS and now they would be globally acceptable. There are benefits for ICAI also as now it can focus more on empirical and theoretical research which can be beneficial for Indian accounting profession (Mercer, 2009) (appendix-1). 5.3 Some further Amendments in applying IFRS in India: There are some standards of accounting for items like investment property, share based payments, minerals exploration, insurance contracts which requires amendment. The convergence process from Indian GAAP to IFRS will be achieved by several modifications in the current Indian accounting standards. For example, current Indian accounting standard (AS-14) which deals with amalgamations will be modified in accordance to IFRS 3 which is on business combinations and acquisitions. The new standards will be issued in those areas which the current Indian accounting standard does not cover. For example, a new standard has to be issue on share based payments to be according with IFRS 2. Indian standard setters will require to release somewhat, similar first time adoption standard that will be in conformity with IFRS 1. If any accounting standard can’t be converged to conformity of IFRS because of not being according to Indian law or court order, then the provisions of the said law will exist (Khatri, J. 2009) (Appendix-2,3). All those listed public and private companies along with all those who are in process of being listed having revenues in excess of Rs. 100crore or whose borrowings exceeding Rs. 25crore needs to adopt IFRS. Also all of those private companies, which in the public market have issued debt instruments. Lastly all those private companies like banks, insurance companies holding assets in fiduciary capacity (Gajra, R., 2008). 5.4 Complications in applying IFRS in India: The basic principle of IFRS is being based on “fair value” accounting, whereas, Indian GAAP works on the basis of historical cost accounting. Further, to diminish any possible negative impact like renegotiating debt covenants there is a need to reconsider the management plans. The company management should take a right, practical and proactive approach in preparing their plans for the company from such a transition (Wadhwani, V., 2009). According to Mr. Sai Venkateshwaran, the transition process from to IFRS will be complicated because, in India there will large number of companies which will be adopting IFRS. ICAI has taken the first step by issuing whitepaper which states the broad outline for this changeover. Besides these several more legislative changes like amendments to the companies act, rules and regulations of SEBI, the income tax act etc. have to be made. To add up to these the current accounting and the style of presentation guidance will be modified according to IFRS. Before applying IFRS all the different accounting bodies like ICAI, companies act, SEBI, income tax authorities and regulators like RBI(Reserve Bank Of India) should work together to prepare a regulatory landscape for this transition in 2011. Another challenge is to train large pool of resources like accountants from both industry and profession to obtain the objective of this transition (Giriprakash, K. And Varadarajan, V.K., 2008). 6. Conclusion: Indian financial system has seen many changes from starting, but with the outlook of within the nation, but now this historical change to adopt IFRS in India will enable it to use the same standards which the other counties in the world are using. To taste the full benefits of IFRS there should be more serious training of people who will be get affected by this transition and also proper implication of several amendments are required. India is already moving very rapidly in the growth in all the aspects whether it’s in manufacturing, investing, exporting. Implications of IFRS will result in more increase in the rate of growth of India. WORD COUNT-1998 Indian Accounting System And International Financial Reporting Standards Accounting Essay

HRM 435 Colorado State University Diversity Without Inclusion Analysis Paper

HRM 435 Colorado State University Diversity Without Inclusion Analysis Paper.

As we have discussed in the interactive lectures (specifically within Modules 1 and 2), the importance of diversity cannot be underemphasized. Yet, ensuring diversity in an organization involves much more than creating policies and procedures to increase diverse representation in the workforce. For this assignment, do the following:Outline the benefits of diversity in the workplace through using statistical research, which is timely (published in the last seven years).In your own words, explain the differences between diversity and inclusion. Then, explain why businesses that develop a diversity policy, but do not ensure organizational inclusion efforts, will experience problems.Evaluate an organization that has created a strong diversity and inclusion policy/program. Provide a link to this company’s information, for your instructor to review. (LET’S USE SALESFORCE AGAIN AS THE ORGANIZATION) specifically how salesforce belives in paying women equally….lots of press on this issueExplain the strengths of this policy.Explain the weaknesses of this policy.Explain how this policy could be adopted by your current or a past employer.Submission RequirementsWrite a 3- to 4-page paper, not including the title and reference pages, which are required.Your paper must be properly cited and formatted according to the CSU-Global Guide to Writing and APA (Links to an external site.).Include a formal reference page. This is an individual paper; however, you should reflect on our discussion forums and incorporate ideas from there, as appropriate.You must support your analysis with at least three scholarly references which can include resources from this course.The CSU-Global Library (Links to an external site.) is a good place to find these sources. You cannot use Wikipedia or any CSU-Global assignment. For this assignment, a credible source is defined as:A scholarly or peer-reviewed journal article.A government-based website or publication.A trade or industry journal article, publication, or website (including those from trade organizations, such as SHRM.org and TD.org).
HRM 435 Colorado State University Diversity Without Inclusion Analysis Paper

Shyness And Awkwardness In Everyday Encounters Psychology Essay

Maybe at the bus, or the lobby of a dental clinic, or even while waiting for that delicious fill of coffee, those are some of the times that you find yourself looking at the ceiling, checking your phone for that unread message or even noticing how exceptionally elegant are the wrinkles of your hands. In less than ten minutes, you have already analyzed all the posters glued to the metal stool, and you can name “by heart” every one of the magazines sitting on the lobby table. That is when you try to start a nonchalant conversation with the stranger standing next to you, but suddenly you feel uncomfortable as you are preoccupied with concerns about your self-presentation. This discomfort or inhibition in interpersonal situations is defined as “shyness”. It can be described as a form of excessive self-focus, and preoccupation of one’s thoughts, feelings and even physical reactions. Shy people tend to feel uncomfortable and awkward in social situations. They try to abide to the “rules” of social interactions, but emotional and physical inhibitions prevent them from doing so. Shy individuals, contrary to the common belief, are not “introverts”. Introverts prefer being alone and enjoy the lack of human interaction. On the other hand, shy individuals crave for human interaction and social recognition as a part of a group. However, their self-consciousness and often the lack of assertiveness prompt them to give up opportunities to socialize. They are extroverts, but they handicap themselves by not entering social groups or speaking to strangers, and subsequently pass up the chances to practice the social skills necessary for a “social rehabilitation”. Being shy can be painful to watch, and even more disturbing to experience. Shyness can lead to the most awkward situations. American adolescents have hard-won expertise in this issue with their unadorned exclamation “Awkward!”, trying to ease the tension of the most uncomfortable situations. Furthermore, there are tons of self-help books to deal with awkward co-workers, and also on weekends or holidays we must face the awkwardness of the family gatherings, where people connected by blood kinship cannot share the most innocuous opinions without risking emotional or physical tension. Men are uncomfortable at seduction, knowing that an unwelcoming approach will result to rejection- a discomforting situation- and women never know if making the first move will be considered as a welcome relief or a manifestation of castrating pushiness. Our lives are all filled with examples of awkwardness, which we avoid by individualizing ourselves. Socially “awkward” or shy individuals often withhold their objective opinions in the pursuit of avoiding a potential discomfort, further building the barrier between them and other participants in social interactions. We so much despise the feeling of “awkwardness” that we develop techniques or rituals to avoid the aforementioned situations. These techniques are often executed subconsciously and are interconnected with the self-reflection process which hinders socially-awkward people from being socially active in a group of people. Avoiding eye contact followed by texting or calling from a cell phone, or intentionally revealing the cable of your headphones are some of the techniques used to create a barrier between human interactions. Other techniques like slightly leaning towards someone, grunting or laughing aloud while reading a joke in the newspaper are examples of indirect approach of shy individuals, who on the other hand try to participate in social occasions. In general, it is believed that most people aren’t comfortable being observed or approached. This is connected to the insecurity and low self-esteem that embodies a lot of “socially awkward” individuals, and also to the upbringing or culture of others. Some cultures of the East do not allow unmarried women to interact with men, and others even prohibit women from being in public without a spousal or blood-related male companion. On the other hand, western cultures raise their children to be more independent and support social interactions between them and their peers. It can be inferred that responses to shyness are not universal, for example shyness is negatively associated with peer acceptance in the United States of America, but positively in China. Leaving aside the cultural factors, even small things, such as the directions of the chairs in an auditorium or in a bus – facing towards the front of the stage or the vehicle respectively, with no overlapping visual field between the people seated- play a substantial role in forming, or preventing social connections. Although the research of shyness is relative new, researchers have been able to discover the social behaviors and the factors that influence the phenomenon of social “awkwardness” and shyness. Shyness seems to be a form of “social anxiety”, where the shy individual may experience a range of feelings from mild anxiety in the presence of unfamiliar individuals to panic attacks with more serious symptoms for the individual. Additional research shows that there are different kinds of shyness. Buss, writer of the book “Personality: temperament, social behavior and the self’ (1995), argues that there are only two of this phenomena: anxious shyness and self- conscious shyness. The differences between these two can be summarized to the time of appearance, type of emotion or feelings generated, and the immediate or enduring causes. Buss states that the events that evoke the two kinds of shyness are different. The primary causes of anxious shyness can be grouped into two categories. The first is novelty of persons, environment and social role. The second is evaluation, which occurs because the situation is structured that way or because of failed self-presentation. He further reiterates that the immediate causes of self-conscious shyness are more complex, involving conspicuousness, breach of privacy, other’s actions and one’s own social mistakes. Although it is almost unbelievable to think that shyness is genetically inherited, Buss states that anxiously shy people are most probably born that way. The inheritance may be a direct inheritance of a certain gene or the combination of inherited traits that are genetically expressions of low sociability. Also, he argues that attachment in the infancy causes low self-confidence and renders anxiously shy people sensitive to evaluation. Children from the moment of birth, tend to be curious “beings”. From the early stages of their lives, they express curiosity towards the human body and the environment surrounding them: babies try to reach and touch their parent’s face, are caught at staring at certain individuals, et cetera. These practices, however, are slowly suppressed, while the social norms trample over the so-called children’s curiosity as the children grow up. On the other hand, overly attached children show signs of anxious shyness from the very beginning of their lives: certain babies cry when strangers touch them or when they are taken away from their parents, children of ages 1-2 hide behind their parent when a stranger is approaching, et cetera. In the attempt of researching in depth the phenomenon of shyness Pilkonis, a researcher from Stanford University, designed an examination to investigate the differences between shy and non-shy individuals. To assess possible gender differences in the manifestation of shyness, both males and females were included as subjects. In a research by Pilkonis, shy people often report that their anxiety is evoked by ambivalent situations in which they are unsure about how to behave. In addition, one would anticipate the presence of a stranger during an anxiety-arousing task to hamper the performance of a shy person; therefore, the presence or absence of a confederated during the delivery of the speech was also varied (Pilkonis, 1977). In the research, differences among shy subjects themselves were also explored. A shy individual has yielded two major types: those persons who are privately shy and focus on internal events in describing their shyness, and those who are publicly shy and regard their behavioral deficiencies as more critical aspects of their shyness (Pilkonis, 1977). For research purposes, students enrolled in a psychology course at Stanford University participated in the experiment. Subjects were selected from opposite extrema of the shyness continuum on the basis of responses to a short form of the “Stanford Shyness Survey” that had been administered during a class hour. The procedures for this study were confederates, opposite-sex interaction, interaction with the experimenter, and development and delivery of speech. One of the inferences of the research was that one of the major differences between shy and not shy people is the ability of the latter to initiate and build conversations. During the opposite-sex interaction, people who were not shy showed a shorter latency to their first utterance, spoke more frequently, and spoke for a larger percentage of the time. They allowed fewer silences to develop and were willing to break a larger percentage of the silences which did occur. (Pilkonis, 1977). Shy objects reported themselves to be more nervous when delivering their speeches and also to be more nervous when doing their speeches. Despite their greater anxiety, shy participants delivered speeches which were not judged to be poorer on any of the evaluative dimensions (Pilkonis, 1977). According to the experiment, shyness seemed to be less relevant in the structure of preparing and delivering the speech than unstructured interpersonal encounter. An experiment of self-reported shy and not shy persons revealed huge differences between the two groups in verbal behavior. Both situational factors and sex of participant influenced the expression of shyness. But also within the realms of the shy group, behavioral and affective differences between publicly and privately shy subjects emerged, providing further evidence for the validity of this distinction. But when are shy people going to resort, where their craving for human interaction reaches its climax? The answer is the internet. Social networking, and tons of other free means of online communication such as chat rooms, have given the opportunity to shy individuals to socialize without the limits of social inhibitions present in the real life. Research shows that shy people feel much less inhibited in social interaction online than they do offline, and consequently they are able to form a number of online relationships. Clark and Leung indicated that the higher the tendency of being addicted to the Internet, the shyer the person is. This correlation of internet addiction and social shyness is statistically correct, but the reliability of the inferences of the study regarding these distinctions is not very high. However, nobody can deny that the internet has hindered social inhibitions but instead of closing the gap of communication between shy and non-shy individuals, it has actually widened it through “fake” personas of the internet scene.