Agenda Setting Framing and Uses Media Portrayals and Representations Discussion

Death Penalty in Britain: Past and Present

This paper analyses the past and future of the death penalty in Britain, examining the rationale for abolition in 1965 together with the potential and merits of re-introduction in the future. The death penalty was abolished in 1965 in Britain following a 1953 Royal Commission[1] and pressure by abolitionist groups. While the 1953 Report went outside its remit, to examine the effectiveness of hanging, it addressed the issues of deterrence and retribution; often heralded as the twin foundations of the death penalty and consequently used as the main arguments for the failure of the punishment. Bailey summarises deterrence theory by stating that “criminal sanctions must be severe enough to outweigh the pleasures”[2]. A fundamental concern is that deterrence can be broken down into various components. The apex of deterrence is a swift, public, just, and painful execution. A death penalty that combined all of these features could be said to have the maximum likelihood of deterring potential criminals. It is generally believed that the majority of death penalty mechanisms in existence lack at least three if not all four of these qualities. Whether the death penalty in fact deters is the subject of numerous studies; when read objectively they give no definite answer. Retribution is in many respects the antithesis of deterrence. Deterrence focuses on logic; retribution deals with the emotional reaction of society, with the oft quoted foundation being “an eye for an eye”[3]. In many respects this is concurrently the most and least powerful argument for the death penalty. It is difficult to argue, in particular in the most heinous cases, that society and specifically the victim’s relatives should not have the satisfaction of retribution. Concurrently it is an argument based on emotion; an element that justice strains to minimise. The fundamental difficulty was discussed by the US Supreme Court in Roper v Simmons[4] where Justice Kennedy made it clear that retribution can be justified only in certain cases; not in the case at hand. It is this fragmenting of the death penalty, with exceptions and splintered rationales developing, that has led to gradual reduction in the use of the death penalty. While a number of Royal Commission Reports and campaigns debated the issues mentioned above and below, it is likely that one particular argument dealt a hammer blow to the death penalty; the concept that innocent people may be executed. This realisation was a contributing factor to Justice Blackmun’s famous dissenting statement “I feel morally and intellectually obligated simply to concede that the death penalty experiment has failed”[5]. Year after year, new, modern evidence uncovers miscarriages of justice that lead to innocent men and women being released. In 1991 the ‘Birmingham Six’ were released following police errors and new evidence. Had they been convicted 30 years earlier, there would have been nothing more practical to do than grant posthumous pardons. Hood argued[6] that one of the main reasons for America still using the death penalty was that it was a populist measure. If this is so then there must be strong support for this argument of potential injustice, above the more specific, clinical reasoning, that persuades individual citizens of the dangers and risks that are inherent in the “machinery of death”. The modern addition to these time honoured theories is the popular focus on rehabilitation over punishment. The Criminal Justice System clarifies this by placing rehabilitation on an equal plane with punishment[7]. The rationale for this is uncomplicated and is based on the importance of working with the individual in order to help them contribute to society as a whole. The death penalty fairly obviously has no place within this new philosophy. The theoretical objections discussed above are merely the tip of an iceberg capable of sinking at least an ocean liner. Were there to be an inclination to re-introduce the death penalty, and in 1994 a bilateral coalition of 403 MPs favoured abolition, the European Convention on Human Rights would still have to be faced. Through the Human Rights Act, the United Kingdom is a signatory to the Act and is prohibited from imposing “degrading punishment”[8]. The issue has arisen predominantly with regard to cases of extradition to death penalty countries, and the courts have made it clear that even to extradite to such countries would constitute prohibited punishment. Further, to contemplate such a policy reversal would risk international condemnation. Amnesty have been vocal in condemning America and would turn their and others focus to Britain in an instant. While awareness of the factors above has been instrumental in 122 countries abandoning the death penalty either in its entirety or in practice[9], the evolution has also been the result of constant pressure from Human Rights groups including Amnesty International. Unlike America, Britain has traditionally been more dependent on the friendship of sister nations; a friendship that could conceivably shift dramatically. In short, the practical objections to a re-introduction of the death penalty would require a change in British foreign and domestic policy; the effects of which would be felt for decades. CONCLUSION This paper has addressed the death penalty in succinct terms; the question asks if it is the only way to “dramatically reduce crime”[10]. The analysis on deterrence and retribution show that far from this lofty status, there is no guarantee that it will reduce any crime. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bailey WC ‘Murder, Capital Punishment and Deterrence: A Review of the Literature’ (part of ‘The Death Penalty in America, Current Controversies’ Edited by Bedau H, Published by Oxford University Press Hood R ‘Capital Punishment’ (1998) (part of ‘The Handbook of Crime and Punishment’ Edited by Tonry M, Published by Oxford University Press Hood R ‘The Death Penalty: A World-wide Perspective’ 2nd Edition Turow S ‘Ultimate Punishment’, Published by Picador GB Royal Commission on Capital Punishment: Report of the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1953) http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk/the_cjs/how_it_works/punishments_and_rehab/index.html http://web.amnesty.org/pages/deathpenalty-countries-eng European Convention on Human Rights Callins v Collins (1994)510 US 1141 Roper v Simmons (2004) 543 US 551 1 Footnotes [1] GB Royal Commission on Capital Punishment: Report of the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1953) [2] Bailey WC ‘Murder, Capital Punishment and Deterrence: A Review of the Literature’ [3] Exodus 21:23-25 [4] (2004) 543 US 551 [5] Callins v Collins (1994) 510 US 1141 [6] Hood R ‘Capital Punishment’ (1998) [7] http://www.cjsonline.gov.uk/the_cjs/how_it_works/punishments_and_rehab/index.html [8] Article 3 [9] http://web.amnesty.org/pages/deathpenalty-countries-eng [10] see question

lawmaking process in the parliament

help writing DESCRIBE THE PHASES OF THE LAWMAKING PROCESS IN THE PARLIAMENT. IN WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES CAN PROPOSED LEGISLATION GO FOR ROYAL ASSENT WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE HOUSE OF LORDS? The Parliament of England as one of the main pillars of a constitutional democracy plays a vital role in governing the country by lawmaking, the process which divides into number of stages. These stages which comprise the first reading, the second reading, the Committee Stage, the Report stage, the third reading, the approval of the House of Lords and the Royal Assent will be main focus of this essay. In addition, the essay will concern rather exceptional situations when proposed legislation might go for Royal Assent without, otherwise necessary, approval of the House of Lords. The Parliament of England stems from royal council which was established by William the Conqueror in 11th century and had further developed in 13th century with issuance of Magna Carta as a result of struggle for limit of the power of the English monarchy and thus is crucial for separation of powers – an important thrust of the constitutional monarchy. Over the centuries, the Parliament has evolved into the highest source of law in the UK. The concept of Parliamentary Supremacy was introduced by English constitutional theorist Albert Dicey at the end of 19th century. The modern Parliament consists of three elements, the House of Commons, the House of Lords; and the monarch each of which has its own function in lawmaking process. Members of the House of Commons debate the issues of the proposals for new laws while members of the House of Lords are responsible for making laws and investigating political issues. The lawmaking process is a complex procedure which starts with pre-parliamentary process by identification of policy objective which included in a Green paper, a document that puts forward the proposals on which the parties give their opinions and views. The Green Paper is followed by a White paper which consists of the reform plans. Further, a Bill must be given tree readings in both in the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The procedure can be commenced in either House and it starts with the first reading which is purely a formal procedure when the title of the proposed Bill is prepared, read out and followed by an order to be printed. Next step is the second reading which usually takes place no sooner than two weekends after first reading. It is the main point in the process and during this phase main provisions of the Bill are discussed. At this stage the proposals may be amended and it is up to the members to decide whether the legislation should proceed and they do it by exercising their voting rights. Once second reading is complete, the Bill goes to the Committee Stage which usually starts within a couple of weeks after a Bill’s second reading. At this stage the detailed examination, clause by clause, takes place. A chairman of standing committee, whose job is to consider the provisions, also has the power to amend it. When the committee stage is finished the Bill returns back to the House of Commons for its report stage where it can be debated and further amendments proposed. At this point, the standing committee reports the Bill back to the House to give the members an opportunity to make proposals for change to a Bill which has been examined during the previous stage. The members can suggest the amendments or the new clauses to the Bill and all the changes are voted upon. The report stage is immediately followed by the third reading which is the last chance to the members to vote on the contents of the Bill. During this stage the it is re-presented the House, where short debates may take place and a vote whether to accept or reject the legislation, but the questions relating to the general principles cannot be raised. When a Bill has passed through third reading in both Houses it is returned to the House where it started for the second House’s proposals for change to be considered. Both Houses must agree on the exact wording of the Bill. If one House refuses to make the changes proposed by the other the Bill might be re-introduced, but as Bills should be complete within one particular parliamentary Session, failure to reach the agreement might lead to the loss of the Bill. As legislation needs to be approved by both Houses we can seen that the House of Lords plays a vital role in lawmaking process. However, there are some exceptions when the two Houses cannot reach agreement, the Bill falls and the Commons use the Parliament Acts to pass the Bill without the consent of Lords. The Parliament Act of 1911 removed the House of Lords’ power to veto a Bill. Act also retained the House of Lords power to block any attempt to prolong the lifetime of a Parliament. The Parliament Act of 1911 limited the power of the Lords to delay the Bill more than for two years. The Parliament Act of 1949 reduced the Lords’ power to delay to one year, but the Parliament Act 1949 itself was introduced through the use of the Parliament Act of 1911. Though these procedures are used rarely as the House of Lords usually approve the legislature of the House of Commons, four substantive acts have been passed into law without the approval of the House of Lords, for example the controversial Hunting Act 2004, which was introduced to prohibit the hunting of mammals with dogs and was designed to outlaw the fox-hunting. It was passed despite the House of Lords’ opposition relying on the Parliament Act 1949. Another three acts passed without the consent of the Lords’ are The War Crimes Act 1991, The European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000. Since 1949 a ‘Money Bill’ containing only financial provisions can be enacted without the House of Lords consent after the delay of one month. The last stage in the lawmaking process is the Royal Assent – it is required before any Bill becomes a law.

Need chemistry help: What is the molecular geometry around an atom in a molecule or ion

Need chemistry help: What is the molecular geometry around an atom in a molecule or ion.

What is the molecular geometry around an atom in a molecule or ion which is surrounded by zero lone pairs of electrons and four single bonds.Select one:a. tetrahedralb. linearc. bentd. trigonal pyramidal
Need chemistry help: What is the molecular geometry around an atom in a molecule or ion

Development Of Clinic Management System Computer Science Essay

Nowadays most of the clinic in Malaysia is using semi-systematic software to handle their daily activities. Doctor still need to write the symptom and prescription manually using paper and pen hence pass it to nurse for further process like recording, preparing and payment. This project known as ClinicOn is to develop a Clinic Management System exclusively designed to help all kind of clinic including traditional Chinese medicine clinic and western medicine clinic. ClinicOn offers modules for management of client information including history, Doctor’s appointments, administrative activities, billing and report. User will able to acces to different level of content based on the types of user log in. there are 3 types of user in the system which is doctor, staff and administrator. Doctor is valid to edit all the information of the user and access to database. Staffs are just able to edit the information of patients and store. Besides that, doctor is able to write prescription on the system while staffs are not allowed. Lastly, the administrator is able to log in too get full control on the system and edit the content and index in the database. Apart from the standard features of other clinic management software, ClinicOn is develop by considering the end user in mind. ClinicOns’ ease of use, multiuser functionality and manageability are exemplary compared to other. This system will be written in Java language using NetBean and the data will handle by a database in order to ensure all the clients can share the information or data that store in the server. The database will be created using MySQL language and will use the MySQL Connector/J in order to build the java application that can interact with MySQL. The fully systematic software will able to benefits doctors, staffs and clients. Doctors are able to get benefits from this system because the manual activities like writing the patient’s prescription no longer needed. Patient also will gain advantages from this system because they do not have to spend more time on the process. Objectives No Objectives Date of Completion 1 To perform background study on existing clinic management system and the daily process for clinic. To understand a clinic’s management process and find out the problem for the process. 13 May 2010 2. To determine a few possible solutions for the existing problem in the existing system and existing process. To come out with a report illustrating the best approaches to solves existing problems. 15 May 2010 3. To perform background study on similar clinic management system and compare the features between those systems. To determine the benefits and limitation of the similar system and produce a study report based on the study. 17 May 2010 4. To perform literature review on technologies and software that suitable for system development. To generate a report on suitable technologies that use to develop the system. 21 May 2010 5. To perform system analysis and determine the system requirements that need to be included in the new system. To generate a series of system analysis report and features in the system. 2 June 2010 6. To design the overall flow of the new system based on fact-finding from system analysis phase. To build the logical model and flow chart. 13 June 2010 7. To develop a fully functional system by using suitable development technologies and software. To create Clinicon Clinic Management System. 18 June 2010 8. To perform testing on the system and solve the possible problem, bugs. To ensure the system is working perfectly and error-free. 1 July 2010 9. To evaluate the system and gather user’s feedback. To come out a evaluation report about the system and future enhancement. 7 July 2010 10 To document the completed system. To create a complete documentation on the system. 9 July 2010 System requirement Hardware requirement Minimum Requirement Recommended Requirements Intel Pentium III processor or equivalent Processor Intel Dual-Core processor or equivalent 128 MB Memory 1GB 50 MB of free disk space Hard Disk 100 MB of free disk space CD-ROM Drive Optical Drive DVD-ROM Drive LCD Monitor with minimum resolution of 1024 x 768 Display Devices Widescreen LCD Monitor with minimum resolution of 1280 x 800 Mouse and Keyboard Input Devices Mouse and Keyboard Integrated Graphics Graphics Processing Unit Nvidia GeForce 6 series or above ATI Radeon HD 2 series or above 10/100 Network Interface Card Network Devices 10/100/1000 Network Interface Card Broadband or dial-up internet access Internet Connectivity Broadband or dial-up internet access Normal Printer Miscellaneous Color Inkjet Printer Software Requirements: Operating System Microsoft Windows XP SP 2 and above. Mac OS X 10.5.5 and above. Ubuntu Linux(Any versions) Java Runtime Environment Java SE Runtime Environment 6 and above. Student’s Signature Supervisor’s Signature ____________________ _______________________ Date: Date: Chapter 1: Background Study Introduction This chapter provides an introduction to and outline of the rest of the background study. This chapter made a background study on 2 existing similar system to define the advantages, disadvantages of those system. the advantages will be taken and disadvantages will be avoid to create a better version of ClinicOn Clinic Management system. The similar system that chooses to analysis are Vet Sys DB-Clinic Management System and Health Watch Pro Clinic Management system. This two system are free ware that used by small size clinic and popular with the simple and efficient function. Study on general clinic operation system and process. 1.2.1General operating process of clinic. The general operating process for small size clinic nowadays is most on manual and very troublesome. When the patient process to the clinic, the nurse and staff have request patient’s name or patient identification card number in order to get the full records of the patient. The patients records is stored manually by alphabets from A-Z or the years of birth of the patient according to the patient identification card number. After the records of patient is found, the nurse will put the patient records in the waiting place and wait for the doctor to attend the patient. If the patient is new and never visit the clinic before, the nurses will present the patient a registration form. After patient completely fill in the registration form, nurse will fill in the new patient to a new patient records form and lastly put the patient records into waiting place. The doctor will get the patient records that in the waiting place and start diagnosis the patient. the patient records will contain all information that needed by the doctor. after the doctor consult the patient, the doctor have to write prescription and decide the medicine for the patients. The prescription and medicine name will write in a paper manually. After the doctor finish consults the patient, the patient records which included the newest prescription will be hand’s up to nurse or staff to collect the medicine and lastly payment process will be conducted. Nurses have to record down the medicine that sole and deduce manually from the total of the medicine records. After the payment, the patient records will be placed according to categories either by alphabets or Identification card number. The nurse will be able to get the patient records easily every time the patient visits the clinic again. 1.2.2 Problem of existing general clinic management system The process above is wasted lots of time. The time will be taken a lots when a nurse need to record the patients information from the patient registration form lastly just can put the patient in the waiting place. It is wasted time by doing the same things in two times. Besides that, lots of time also be used up when a nurse want to search a patient through categories by categories manually. after the doctor finish the prescription nurse have to reduce the total amount of the medicine manually from the medicine record and lastly payment by type in the total and required information for the payment receipt. Beside of wasting the time, it also require large physical storage to store all the hard copy patient’s records, employee records, medicine records and others. 1.2.3 Solution Functional features and nonfunctional features. 1.3 Summary of Background Study Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction This chapter led the author to determine the suitable technologies that available that will be used to create the ClinicOn Clinic Management System. In this chapter, the author had made some studies on Programming language like java and C , the developing software like JCreator, Visual Basic and NetBean. Beside that there are also some comparison between those studies and thus define the benefits and limitation of each technologies. After the studies, the author had chose the best and suitable technologies and software to develop the ClinicOn Clinic Management System. 1.3 Study on similar system 1.3.1 Vet Sys DB- Clinic Management System 1.3.1.1 User Interface and process (printscreen of major features) 1.3.1.2 Pros and Cons of the system 1.3.2 Health Watch Pro Clinic Management System 1.3.2.1 User Interface and process() 1.3.2.2 Pros and Cons of the system 2.2 Study on suitable Technologies 2.2.1 Programming Language 2.2.1.1C 2.2.1.1.1 Advantages of using C 2.2.1.1.2 Limitation of using C 2.2.1.2Java 2.2.1.2.1Java 2 Platform, standard edition 6 2.2.1.2.2 Advantages of using java 2.2.1.2.3Disadvantages of using java 2.2.2 Study on suitable development Software 2.2.2.2 JCreator 2.2.2.2.1 Advantages of JCreator 2.2.2.2.2 Disadvantages of JCreator 2.2.2.3NetBean 2.2.2.3.1 Advantages of NetBean 2.2.2.3.2 Disadvantages of NetBean 2.2.3 Study on suitable database Management System (DBMS) 2.2.3.1 Microsoft Access 2007 2.2.3.2MySQL 2.3 Client server architecture 2.3.1What is Client Server Architecture 2.3.2 What is the advantage Chapter 3: System Analysis 3.1 Introduction 4.1 Fact finding techniques 4.1.1 User requirements 4.1.2 Observation 3.2 system requirement 3.3 Use case diagram 4.3 Logical Models 4.3.1 Class Diagram 4.3.2 relationship for Class Diagram 4.4 Flowcharts 4.4.1 Overall Flowchart 4.4.2 Login Module Flowchart 4.4.3 Password Recovery Flowchart 4.4.4 Main Module Flowchart 4.4.5 Performance Flowchart 4.4.6 Time Improvement Process Measured(maximum) Average Time Used Without ClicnicOn Expected Time used With CLinicOn Intake Process 25Mins 5Mins Patient Waiting Time(according to the number of patient waiting) 20Mins 10 Mins Clinic Services 30 Mins 20mins Payment 20 mins 5 Mins Total Time in clinic 95 mins 40 mins Chapter 4: System Design 4.1 System Layouts 4.2 System Design Features Chapter 5 : Development tools 5.1 JCreator 5.1.1 Advantages 5.1.2 Disadvantages 5.1 Netbeans 5.1.2 Advantages 5.1.3 Disadvantages 5.2Netbeans IDE vs Jcreator 5.2 MySQL Query Brower vs Command Prompt Chapter 6 System Development Chapter 7 : System Testing 7.1 Performance testing 7.2 Error handling testing 7.2 compatibility testing 7.4 security testing Chapter 8 system Evaluation Evaluation Criteria Evaluation Result System output User interface System engine Summary of system evaluation Chapter 8 conclusion Chapter 9 references Chapter 10 appendixes A Gantt Chart B1 Project Monitoring Report C sample of Questionaire Form D Sample of Evaluation Form E Print Screen F Source Code