A1 Business and Technical College The Bridge by Eric Steele Documentary HW

The Role Of Health Ngos Health And Social Care Essay

Health care in Nigeria is structured along, and administered through the universal three tiers: the primary level run by the local government, the secondary by the state and the tertiary by the federal government (FMOH 2005). The contribution of Nigeria’s health sector to the national economy remains poorly defined, and as a result Nigeria was ranked a dismal 187th position among the 191 United Nation member state (WHO 2000).Health care facilities are inadequate in Nigeria (Yohesor 2009) and this includes health centres, personnel and medical equipment. Moreso, the state of existing facilities is often deplorable due to lack of maintenance. As Lee states: ‘A health care system is an organizational framework for the distribution or servicing of the health care needs of a given community. It is a fairly complex system of inter-related elements that contribute to the health of people-in their homes, educational institutions, in work places, the public (social or recreational) and the psychological environments as well as the directly health and health-related sectors.’ (Lee 2009: 1). However, with the many social and infrastructural problems confronting the country is the pursuit of the politically attractive tertiary health care which, arguably, has remained the only attractive area of the health system, to the detriment of other levels of care. The neglect of Nigeria’s health care, with special reference to the primary health care system, its maldistribution, will result in an inverted health care pyramid. By implication, rather than produce health for the people, would always have the threat to collapse on itself. According to Asuzu (2003), Nigeria’s health care system has experienced past reforms, ranging from the traditional health care system that existed in the individual Nigerian communities and the ethnic groups before the era of colonization till date. Though Nigeria’s health care system is geared towards ensuring availability and accessibility of health care by Nigerians, yet the nation’s health care remains a major concern. On the other hand, health care reform is the ‘process of improving the performance of existing systems of assuming efficient and equitable responses to future changes. It has also been defined as sustainable, purposeful change aimed at improving the health sector; health care reform is initiated by public or political action, is motivated by dissatisfaction caused by the failure to deliver outcomes and implemented on a sector wide level (Berman 1995). This presupposes that reforms might address the problems of poor quality of care, inefficiencies in the delivery of services, inequalities and limited access to health, level of accountability and insufficient responsiveness to client needs. Globally, it would seem Non-governmental Organizations have undertaken a wide range of functions, including but not limited to, humanitarian assistance, developmental aid, and promotion of human rights and lobbying to protect the environment. In other words, the role of non-governmental (NGOs) might have been seen to expand. Capturing the essence of health NGOs, Gilson states: …..humanitarian assistance is ‘assistance given to meet the challenges of a humanitarian crisis, almost always includes provision of some type of healthcare, be it preventive action (such as providing shelter, clean water and sanitary facilities, immunization against epidemics) or management of emergencies (such as injuries from a disaster).’ Arguably, Nigeria is currently undergoing health sector reform aimed at achieving improved efficiencies in resource utilization, improved quality of health services as well as greater equity of access to health services. Jong-Chan (2002) asserts that given the strong influence they possess, NGOs remain the only sector that can empower the public to demand a stable national health program; NGOs should bring their experiences in health care reform to bear in order to strengthen their unique position in the health care system, independent of both governmental dominance and medical autonomy. In the light of the above assertion, it would seem Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have always been in the forefront of advancing novel ideas, and in encouraging and supporting governments to implement them. At a simple level, NGOs generally represent the ‘voice of the people’ at all levels- local, national and international, and have taken on roles such as advocacy, education and training (Ogunbekun, 2004:3), and have been active in monitoring and improving what has, or has not, been implemented or achieved. For example, NGOs have been in the front burner in promoting, developing and improving a comprehensive and holistic approach to health care services. For change to happen, it would be necessary to collaborate with the relevant stakeholders in the health sector, whether they work in government, in administration, or as providers of the necessary services, to bring about needed change and improvement; also to ensure the people understand and support the changes which need to be made (Lorgen, 1998). Moreso, health professional associations might be effective in working with health NGOs in improving health care delivery. Often, they seek the advice of health professionals regarding issues around health care, essentially because they know that medical ethics require physicians to provide objective advice on health issues, in the best interests of their patients (Pfeiffer 2003). Health NGOs, together with health professionals, might also employ the skills and experiences that NGOs have garnered in putting information and messages across to the public in such a way that the public is able to understand and this will be necessary in improving health care. The role or value of NGOs in advancing health is hinged on three premises, emerging from the research endeavour of George Washington University’s Centre for international Health: Individual health and communities’ socio-economic development are intrinsically linked; Well targeted health promotion activities can contribute not only to better health but can also enhance an individual’s social well-being ; Local NGOs whose members are responsive to the communities they serve, are more likely to provide this linkage through fostering community empowerment. Many NGOs are involved in training programmes which is a role they seem to have undertaken at all levels. Therefore, they are well-positioned to assist the relevant government departments in bringing about changes and improvement in health care system (Gilson 2003). It would follow that NGOs should be invited by governments to assist as partners in creation of awareness, mobilization and development of training programmes on health care reforms. Also, health NGOs seem to have the capacity to empower communities to act on their own behalf, equipping people to improve the ‘social and physical environments conducive for healthy lifestyles, and of health advocacy to enable policy makers to recognize and appreciate the necessity for improvements in health care conditions’ (Starfield 2011). Following the policy statement of World Health Organization’s 1978 Alma Ata Conference, also known as the Alma Ata Declaration, which proposed that ‘primary health care (PHC) be adopted for health planning and delivery, emphasizing on equity in health, disease prevention, and a comprehensive strategy to promote individual and community health’ (Rodriguez 2001), a health education strategy might suggest that within a socio-political context, health education aims to increase individual’s consciousness of his or her health status, and the causes and determinants of that status, thereby increasing the possibility for positive action. As Asuzu (2003) points out … ‘NGOS act as catalyst by encouraging the various departments concerned with health to become actively involved in reform exercises…’ This would be effective if different NGOs work in synergy. For instance, in addition to health NGOs, there is involvement of other relevant NGOs such as women’s NGOs that concentrate on activities to improve the status of women and development NGOs whose centre of interest or activity is particularly on issues around development. Health NGOs, arguably, are dependent on their mandate or project charter which is in tandem with the overall programmes of a health care system within which they operate. According to Ohanyido (2012), the roles of health NGOs are summarized below: • work to ensure that the health services are efficient, effective, and accessible. • work within the health system to ensure that the number of well-trained staff is available through capacity- building or advocacy to government etc. • help ensure that the health information system is able to generate useful data on health determinants and health system performance, and also avoid creating parallel systems • work with all stakeholders to ensure that there is access to medicines, vaccines, and medical technologies in an equitable fashion. • strengthen health financing systems by exploring funding sources and advocating to stakeholders to raise adequate funds for health, and ensuring that people can access affordable services. • strengthen the system by ensuring that the Leadership must guarantee effective oversight, regulation, and accountability. Nonetheless, in order to work efficiently and effectively in improving health care system, health NGOs themselves must also be found to be accountable, transparent, and seem to be representing the interests of the people.

1000 words Profile Essay MUST INCLUDE AN OUTLINE

research paper help 1000 words Profile Essay MUST INCLUDE AN OUTLINE.

Part I: Answer the following questions. Include as much detail as possible. 1.) Who will you write about? Why do you want to write about this person? 2.) What kind of profile will you write? For example, will you focus on a specific moment in the person’s life, an average day, a moment when he or she had 15 minutes of fame, or a psychological examination? 3.) Why should my readers care about this person? 4.) What do I want readers to know about this person? 5.) What questions will I ask my subject during the interview process? How will I approach difficult or unpleasant topics? 6.) Have I talked to others who understand my subject or might see my subject with different eyes? What insight have or will they be able to give me? 7.) Do I understand what motivates my subject, and will I make that clear to readers? How will I make my story plump with vivid, memorable details about how my subject works and lives? 8.) How is my subject different than others who do the same job or live the same life? How is my subject the same as everyone else? Part II: Complete the outline template. I. Introduction: a. Hook: b. Thesis Statement: II. Body Paragraph 1: a. Topic Sentence b. Summary of Supporting Details c. Concluding Sentence III. Body Paragraph 2: a. Topic Sentence b. Summary of Supporting Details c. Concluding SentenceOverview and Requirements Being able to see a person beyond a diagnosis, a role (such as a patient, friend, parent, or supervisor), or a physical attribute enables nurses to see each patient as an individual with unique experiences, hopes, fears, and needs. Assignment Prompt 1.) For the profile essay: you will closely examine a person whom you personally know, such as a patient, family member, educator, co-worker, or friend you will focus on a short period of time, such as a single day, several months, or even a significant moment that takes place over an hour 2.) IMPORTANT: the goal of the profile essay is to show readers who this person is. For example, the profile may highlight a patient’s strength that carried him through his battle with cancer, a parent’s dedication to always putting his children’s needs above his own, or a friend’s always positive attitude despite the challenges that she faces.the essay is not about youthe focus should be on the individual who is profiled 3.) Your essay must do the following: Create a vivid depiction of the individualFocus on a short period of time that highlights the trait(s) that you wish to focus onIncorporate strong vivid descriptions and examples, including dialogueShow instead of tell 4.) Your essay must include the following: An introduction with a hook and strong thesis statementDeveloped body paragraphs with strong topic sentences and concluding sentencesA word count of 1,000 words, at a minimum (excludes cover page) IMPORTANT: Ask the person for permission to write about him or her. Do not use the person’s real name or any other identifying information in the essay, prewriting, or any other content related to the assignment. For an example of an “A” student essay, review the Profile Example Essay. For specific grading criteria for this assignment, review the Profile Essay Rubric.
1000 words Profile Essay MUST INCLUDE AN OUTLINE

Analysis of The Outsiders from the Perspectives of Social Work Theories and Applications Essay

Table of Contents Summary of the Book and Analysis of Characters’ Relations Approaches Related to the Case Applying Approaches to Solve Social Problems Conclusion: Social Perspective and Outcomes References Summary of the Book and Analysis of Characters’ Relations The Outsiders is a book that narrates about social struggles premised on differences in social outlooks, wealth, and cultural beliefs (Hinton, 2005). The rivalry between the two gangs – the Greasers and the Socs – turns into the struggle in the context of social problems. Thus, the story represents a microcosm in which people with problematic backgrounds confront social challenges. The main protagonist Ponyboy is a 14 years old boy who lives with his elder brothers – 16-year old Sodapop and the eldest brother Darry. The latter takes responsibilities for his brothers because their parents died in a car accident (Hinton, 2005). Ponyboy, along with his friends Johnny and Dally, confronts Bob and Randy, the members of the Socs, after returning from the cinema with Socs’ girlfriends Cherry and Marcia. Later, Bob and Randy decide to revenge on the Greasers and threaten Panyboy to kill him. In a struggle, Johnny kills Bob because the latter attempted to drown Ponyboy. Both Johnny and Ponyboy decide to escape and hide in a church. However, when the church got on fire they rescue a group of children, but both teenagers are seriously wounded. Learning about the rescue of children from church, local newspapers proclaim Johnny and Ponyboy as heroes. In a hospital, Johnny dies because of serious injuries whereas Dally suffers from Johnny’s loss and decides to commit suicide while confronting the police. After the accident and recovery, Ponybody returns home and leads a normal life, but his grades in school leave much to be desired. Then, he writes a term paper based on the story of his life, which later turns into a novel. The book reveals a complex interaction between representatives of different layers of society resulting in rigorous struggles between the rich and the poor. The story is also about complicated family relations, as well as how family background influences teenager’s outlook on social interaction and communication. In this respect, the three brothers – Ponyboy, Sodapop, and Darry – are left without parents’ attention and, as a result, they have to take on extra duties and responsibilities. Ponyboy is irritated by Darry’s extreme care. He befriends Johnny and shares his outlooks on life. Sodapope is a handsome and carefree high school student who gave up studying. Along with his best friend Steve, he works at the gas station and knows everything about how to steel hubcaps. All these relationships are presented in the context of specific behavioral codes dictated by external constrains. All the members of the gang, therefore, are committed to the idea of honorable actions, which implies readiness to stand for each other in front of the Greasers’ enemies. Get your 100% original paper on any topic done in as little as 3 hours Learn More Johnny has also a problematic family history with his abusive mother and father paying insufficient attention to their son’s education. Therefore, he is vulnerable enough to the external environment. The three brothers are also left without attention and, therefore, they are ignorant of generally accepted codes of behavior in a community. Exercising violence against other social groups seems to be the only means of protection accepted by the characters. In addition, there are also cases of substance abuse that can be seen the way drunken Socs attack Ponyboy and his friends. Approaches Related to the Case From a social worker perspective, many theories and approaches are applicable to the case. Particular attention should be paid to the social theories related to the analysis of the place of gangs in society, as well as the nature and causes of social struggles (Heinonen

Generic Strategy Is Fundamental Technique Marketing Essay

Cost leadership strategy increasing common over the period of time and most clear strategy as this bring low cost producers in the broader market (Porter 1985). As this strategy serves the larger market with the concept of low cost. This strategy aims on the low cost production with larger market segment and serves as highly standardise products with effective use of technology, R